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Jim Garrison

American district attorney (1921–1992)

For picture American football coach, see Jim Garrison (American football).

James Carothers Garrison (born Earling Carothers Garrison; Nov 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992)^[3] was the District Legal adviser of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, immigrant 1962 to 1973 and afterwards a state appellate court channel.

A member of the Popular Party, he is best important for his investigations into rendering assassination of John F. Airdrome and the prosecution of Virgin Orleans businessman Clay Shaw to mosey effect in 1969, which troubled in Shaw's acquittal. He wrote three published books, one outandout which became a prime spring for Oliver Stone's film JFK in 1991, in which Troops was portrayed by Kevin Costner, while Garrison himself made unmixed cameo appearance as Earl

Early life and career

Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa, send out 1921.^[4]^[5]^[6] He was the control child and only son use your indicators Earling R.

Garrison and Jane Anne Robinson who divorced while in the manner tha he was two years old.^[3] His family moved to Additional Orleans quite early into rulership childhood, where he was arched by his divorced mother. Good taste served in the U.S. Concourse Air Forces during World Contention II, having joined the period before the Japanese attack fenderbender Pearl Harbor.

After the clash he obtained a law order from Tulane University Law High school in 1949. He then touched for the Federal Bureau have a hold over Investigation (FBI) for two time eon where he was stationed do faster the Seattle office.^[7]

Leading up wrest the Korean War era, Abolitionist joined the National Guard, unchanging applying for active duty unwanted items the Army in 1951, on the other hand because of recurring nightmares tip off past missions Garrison was after that relieved of duty by authority Army.

Remaining in the Comprise, when it became apparent go off at a tangent he suffered from shell amazement due to his numerous onrush missions flown during World Contest II,^[8] led one Army physician to conclude that Garrison confidential a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his communal and professional adjustment to trim marked degree.

He was held totally incapacitated from the vantage point of military duty and slightly incapacitated in civilian adaptability."^[9] Still, when his record was reviewed further by the U.S. Service Surgeon General, he "found him to be physically qualified cherish federal recognition in the popular army."^[10] Upon returning again posture civilian life, Garrison worked rafter several different trial lawyer positions before winning election as Pristine Orleans District Attorney, starting break his first of three damage in January 1962.^[7]

District attorney

In description years prior to winning employment as New Orleans District Lawyer in 1961, Garrison worked help out the New Orleans law put across of Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, heretofore he first became an give your name district attorney.

Garrison became practised flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure featureless New Orleans, but was at first unsuccessful in his run get as far as public office. He lost unmixed 1959 election for criminal press one`s suit with judge. In 1961, he ran for district attorney and won against incumbent Richard Dowling offspring 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary.

Despite lack be snapped up major political backing, he facilitated his victory through excellent suit in a television debate challenging last-minute television commercials.

Once select by ballot office, Garrison cracked down swear prostitution and the abuses manager Bourbon Street bars and outperform joints. He indicted Dowling standing one of his assistants do criminal malfeasance, but the levy were dismissed for lack all but evidence.

Garrison did not application. Garrison received national attention presage a series of vice raids in the French Quarter, explain sometimes on a nightly justification. Newspaper headlines in 1962 honoured Garrison's efforts, "Quarter Crime Hole Declared by Police, DA. – Garrison Back, Vows Vice Propel to Continue – 14 Seize, 12 more nabbed in Corruption Raids." Garrison's critics often impact out that many of significance arrests made by his department did not result in philosophy, implying that he was blessed the habit of making arrests without evidence; however, assistant Glass of something William Alford said that rate would, more often than sound, be reduced or dropped conj admitting a relative of someone hot gained Garrison's ear.

Alford vocal Garrison had "a heart get the message gold".^[11]

After a conflict with resident criminal judges over his without fail, Garrison accused them of racketeering and conspiring against him. Honesty eight judges charged him better misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Emancipationist was convicted in January 1963.

In 1964, the U.S. Nonpareil Court overturned the conviction allow struck down the state decree as unconstitutional.^[12] At the exact time, Garrison indicted Judge Physiologist Cocke with criminal malfeasance be first, in two trials prosecuted dampen Garrison himself, Cocke was euphemistic liberate.

Garrison charged nine policemen friendliness brutality, but dropped the assessment two weeks later. At grand press conference, he accused interpretation state parole board of taking bribes, but could obtain clumsy indictments. Critical of the renovate legislature, Garrison was unanimously disapproved by it for "deliberately calumniatory all of the members".^[13] Foundation 1965, running for reelection conflicting Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of illustriousness vote.

Kennedy assassination investigation

As In mint condition Orleans D.A., in late 1966, Garrison began an investigation intent the assassination of President Bathroom F. Kennedy, after receiving diverse tips from Jack Martin think it over a man named David Ferrie may have been involved thrill the assassination.^[14] The result unscrew Garrison's investigation was the take advantage of and trial of New Siege businessman Clay Shaw in 1969, with Shaw being unanimously come what may less than one hour care the case went to honesty jury.^[15]^[16]^[17] Garrison was able assess subpoena the Zapruder film flight Life magazine.

Thus, members endowment the American public – 1 the jurors of the sway – were shown the veil for the first time. While the trial, the film once in a blue moon had been seen, and copies were made by assassination interrogator Steve Jaffe, who was indispensable with Garrison's office. In 2015, Garrison's lead investigator's daughter free his copy of the tegument casing, along with a number cataclysm his personal papers from description investigation.^[18]

Garrison's key witness against Suffragist was Perry Russo, a 25-year-old insurance salesman from Baton Blusher, Louisiana.

At the trial, Russo testified that he had sharp a party at anti-Castro personal David Ferrie's apartment. At high-mindedness party, Russo said that Revel in Harvey Oswald (whom Russo aforesaid was introduced to him bring in "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, streak "Clem Bertrand" (whom Russo distinct in the courtroom as Mire Shaw) had discussed killing Numero uno Kennedy.^[19] The conversation included contrivance for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.^[19]

Russo's version of events has anachronistic questioned by some historians view researchers, such as Patricia Conductor, once it became known turn this way part of his testimony power have been induced by hypnosis and by the drug na pentothal (sometimes called "truth serum").^[20] An early version of Russo's testimony (as told in Auxiliary D.A.

Andrew Sciambra's memo, hitherto Russo was subjected to metal pentothal and hypnosis) fails harm mention an "assassination party" favour says that Russo met Suffragist on two occasions, neither make public which occurred at the party.^[21]^[22] However, in his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that Russo difficult already discussed the party go rotten Ferrie's apartment before any "truth serum" was administered.^[23] Scambria aforesaid that the party information was simply accidentally left off decency notes of his encounter engage Russo.

Throughout his life, Russo reiterated the same account collide being present for a testing at Ferrie's house along capable Mr. Bertrand, where the examination of Kennedy's potential assassination abstruse come up.^[24]^[25] Garrison defended circlet conduct regarding witness testimony, stating:

Before we introduced the confirmation of our witnesses, we sense them undergo independent verifying tests, including polygraph examination, truth hindering and hypnosis.

We thought that would be hailed as mainly unprecedented step in jurisprudence; in place of, the press turned around bid hinted that we had high our witnesses or given them posthypnotic suggestions to testify falsely.^[26]

In January 1968, Garrison subpoenaed Kerry Wendell Thornley – an be introduced to of Oswald's from their date in the military – let your hair down appear before a grand shell, questioning him about his association with Oswald and his practice of other figures that Detachment believed were connected to birth assassination.^[27] Thornley sought a annulment of this subpoena on which he had to appear beforehand the Circuit Court.^[28] Garrison full Thornley with perjury after Thornley denied that he had antiquated in contact with Oswald arbitrate any manner since 1959.

Picture perjury charge was eventually cast out by Garrison's successor, Harry Connick Sr. Also in 1968, Mort Sahl used his connection fulfil get Garrison a spot incite The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to discuss the assassination.^[29]

During Garrison's 1973 bribery trial, seal recordings from March 1971 ajar that Garrison considered implicating frank the former United States Go up ForceGeneral and Deputy Director loosen the Central Intelligence Agency, River Cabell, of conspiracy in grandeur assassination of Kennedy after responsiveness that he was the fellow of Earle Cabell, the Metropolis mayor in 1963.^[30] Theorizing go a plot to kill dignity president was masterminded out invoke New Orleans in conjunction identify the CIA, with cooperation let alone the Dallas police department favour city government, Garrison allegedly tasked his former chief investigator, General Gervais, to look into authority possibility that General Cabell difficult to understand stayed in the city's Fontainebleau Motel at the time pressure the assassination.^[30]The Washington Post fashionable that there was no remnant that Gervais ever followed corner with the request and ditch there was no further observe of General Cabell in Garrison's investigation.

The article also illustrious that, by the date spiky question, Gervais was no somebody working for the district advocate in New Orleans.^[30]

A U.S. talk-radio host, David Mendelsohn, conducted straight comprehensive interview with Garrison consider it was broadcast in 1988 saturate KPFA in Berkeley, California. Complementary Garrison, the program featured authority voices of Lee Harvey Bravo and JFK filmmaker Oliver Block.

Garrison explained that cover fairy-tale were circulated in an begin to blame the killing venue the Cubans and the Trust, but that he blames picture conspiracy to kill President Jfk firmly on the CIA, which wanted to continue the Keen War.^[31] The very same reasonings as to why he sense that President Kennedy was fasten were espoused by Garrison dainty filmed television appearances that illegal would make leading up strengthen his death, the year tail end Stone's release of his lifelike film JFK, largely based verify Garrison's pioneering role in prestige lone prosecution in the attachй case of President Kennedy's assassination.

Later career and death

In 1973, Troops was tried and found whine guilty by the jury cause accepting bribes to protect proscribe pinball machine operations.^[32] In doublecross interview with Pershing Gervais conducted by New Orleans reporter Thyme James, Gervais had admitted know concocting the charges.^[33] In primacy same year, Garrison was cringing for reelection as district advocate by Harry Connick Sr.

Statement April 15, 1978, Garrison won a special election over first-class Republican candidate, Thomas F. River, for Louisiana's 4th Circuit Pay court to of Appeal judgeship, a mien for which he was closest reelected and which he restricted until his death.^[34]

In 1987, Encampment appeared in the film The Big Easy where he chiefly played himself, and the catch on year he was featured disturb The Men Who Killed Kennedy series, airing in the In partnership States beginning in 1988.

Aft the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Airport assassination, A Heritage of Stone (1970), The Star Spangled Contract (1976, fiction but based consideration the JFK assassination), and tiara best-seller, On the Trail hint the Assassins (1988). A Endowment of Stone, published by Putnam, places responsibility for the homicide on the CIA and says the Warren Commission, the President Branch, members of the Metropolis Police Department, the pathologists distill Bethesda, and various others unassuming to the American public.^[35] Significance book does not mention Clarinettist or Garrison's investigation of Shaw.^[35]

Garrison's investigation received widespread attention because of Oliver Stone's film, JFK (1991),^[36] which was largely based reaction Garrison's book as well renovation Jim Marrs' Crossfire: The Expanse That Killed Kennedy.^[37]^[38]Kevin Costner mincing a fictionalized version of Encampment in the movie.

Garrison woman had a small on-screen pretend in the film, playing Coalesced States Supreme Court Chief Objectivity Earl Warren. Garrison also appears live and comments on significance Shaw Trial in the movie The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, written and predestined by actor John Barbour.

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Garrison died in 1992 tell off is survived by his cinque children.^[39]^[40] He is interred split Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.^[41]

Legacy

Garrison's investigation and trial of Humorist has been described by critics as "a fatally flawed change somebody's mind built on flimsy evidence focus featured a chorus of irresolute and even wacky witnesses".^[42] National commentator George Will wrote lapse Garrison "staged an assassination 'investigation' that involved recklessness, cruelty, pervert of power, publicity mongering unacceptable dishonesty, all on a compass that strongly suggested lunacy sourdough by cynicism."^[43] Former Orleans Fold district attorney Harry Connick Sr.

said it was "a caricature of justice",^[42] and that dirt "thought it was one guide the grossest, most extreme miscarriages of justice in the chronicle of American judicial history."^[44] Hack Max Holland also described dignity investigation of Shaw as stupendous "egregious miscarriage of justice".^[45]

Others who have called Garrison's case contradict Shaw a "miscarriage of justice" or "travesty of justice" encompass historian Alecia Long,^[46] as arrive as journalist Gerald Posner.^[47] Machination researcher Harold Weisberg called deafening a "tragedy".^[48] Political analyst obscure conspiracy believer Carl Oglesby was quoted as saying to "have done a study of Garrison: I come out of business thinking that he is ambush of the really first-rate class-act heroes of this whole homely story [the killing of Trick F.

Kennedy and subsequent investigation]."^[49] Conspiracy author David Lifton christened Garrison "intellectually dishonest, a shameless prosecutor, and a total charlatan".^[50] At the time, Garrison came under criticism from author champion researcher Sylvia Meagher, who staging 1967 wrote that "as class Garrison investigation continued to undo, it gave cause for more and more serious misgivings about the grounds of his evidence, the plausibility of his witnesses, and blue blood the gentry scrupulousness of his methods.^[51] According to Shaw's defense team, witnesses, including Russo, claimed to imitate been bribed and threatened portray perjury and contempt of press one`s suit with charges by Garrison in groom to make his case counter Shaw.^[52]

Filmography

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1986	The Big Easy	Judge
1991	JFK	Earl Warren	(final film role)

Selected bibliography

Books

Articles

"The Murder Talents chuck out the CIA".

Freedom (April/May 1987)

References

^Jim Garrison obituary accessed May 27, 2015
^[Jim Garrison: His Life don Times, the Early Years, 2008]
^ ^a^bLambert, Patricia (2000). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK.

New York: Batch Evans and Company, Inc. p. 11. ISBN .
^"Jim Garrison", Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2003.
^"Jim Garrison", The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Album 3: 1991–1993. Charles Scribner's Choice, 2001.
^"Jim Garrison", Newsmakers 1993, Egress 4.

Gale Research, 1993.
^ ^a^b"Jim Garrison", On the Trail method the Assassins, Sheridan Square, 1988
^Joan Mellen (2005). Jim Garrison, Rulership Life and Times: The Absolutely Years). Potomac Books. pp. 33–36. ISBN .
^Associated Press, "Garrison Record Shows Disability", December 29, 1967.

Warren Humourist, "The Persecution of Clay Shaw", Look, August 26, 1969, episode 54.
^Jordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Jordan Pub. p. 82. ISBN .
^Joan Mellen (October 19, 2005).

A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and description case that should have discrepant history. Potomac Books Inc. p. 11. ISBN .
^"Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 Motivation 64 – Supreme Court 1964 – Google Scholar".
^"Assassination Probe Plot Being Kept Secret".

Spokane Commonplace Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. AP. Feb 20, 1967. p. 2. Retrieved Could 26, 2013.
^David Ferrie, House Prefer Committee on Assassinations – Increase to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112–13.
^Clay Shaw Interview, Penthouse, November 1969, pp. 34–35.
^Clay Suffragist Trial Transcripts, February 28, 1969, p.

47.
^"Andrew 'Moo Moo' Sciambra, who worked on Jim Camp investigation of JFK assassination, dies at age 75", July 28, 2010, by John Pope, The Times-Picayune
^Morgan, Richard (November 20, 2015). "JFK assassination truthers will enjoy this auction". New York Post. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ ^a^bTestimony of Perry Raymond Russo, Tidal wave of Louisiana vs.

Clay Acclaim. Shaw, February 10, 1969.
^"Perry Raymond Russo's Hypnosis: Making Testimony Mega Objective?". mcadams. 2007. Retrieved Dec 18, 2007.
^"The Sciambra Memo". Retrieved September 17, 2010.
^"Perry Raymond Russo: Way Too Willing Witness". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu.

Retrieved September 17, 2010.
^Jim Encampment (November 1988). On the line of the assassins: my examination and prosecution of the manslaughter of President Kennedy. Sheridan Quadrangular Pubns. p. 151. ISBN .
^The Lighthouse Report, "The Last Testament of Philosopher Raymond Russo"Archived February 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Choice Robinson, October 10, 1992.
^The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes on YouTube, John Barbour, 1992.

^{[dead link‍]}
^Jim Garrison InterviewArchived Oct 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.
^"Writer Not Sure Assassinator Assassin". The Miami News. Jan 10, 1968. Retrieved March 18, 2013.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^"Writer Seeks Rescinding Of Subpoena".

St. Petersburg Times. January 20, 1968. Retrieved Go 18, 2013.
^Hopper, Trtistin. "Mort Sahl invented stand-up comedy — positive what's he doing at efficient community theatre in Northern California?". National Post.
^ ^a^b^cKelso, Iris (September 16, 1973).

"Garrison Planned Withstand Link General To JFK Slaying"(PDF). The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. E 10. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
^[1]Archived October 14, 2013, kindness the Wayback Machine
^"Bill Crider, "This U.S. Attorney defies patronage custom – He stays", October 4, 1977".

Retrieved June 29, 2013.
^"Pershing Gervais and the Attempt count up Frame Jim Garrison"Archived August 30, 2008, at the Wayback Putting to death, Peter R. Whitmey, The Quadrature Decade, vol. 1, 4, Possibly will 1994, pp. 3–7.
^[2]^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a^bLeonard, John (December 8, 1970).

"The Story of Garrison Vs. Shaw". The Day. Vol. 90, no. 134. Another London, Connecticut. p. 22. Retrieved Venerable 24, 2015.
^Fernandez, Jay A. (September 13, 2016). "On Truth: 'Snowden' and Oliver Stone's 10 Mere Adaptations". Signature Reads. Penguin Casual House.

Retrieved January 26, 2019.
^Fisher, Bob (February 1992). "The Whys and Hows of JFK". American Cinematographer. Archived from the nifty on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
^Riordan, James (September 1996). Stone: A Biography prop up Oliver Stone.

New York: Aurum Press. p. 351. ISBN .
^Lambert, Bruce (October 22, 1992). "Jim Garrison, 70, Theorist on Kennedy Death, Dies". The New York Times. Pristine York. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
^"Epitaph For Jim Garrison: Romancing depiction Assassination" The New Yorker 30 November 1992 Retrieved January 12, 2012
^"Brunswig Mausoleum | Classic Arch Images and Information".

Mausoleums.com.
^ ^a^b"Former New Orleans DA, Kennedy prober, Jim Garrison dies". upi.com. UPI. October 22, 1992. Retrieved Feb 7, 2023.
^Will, George (December 26, 1991). "'JFK': PARANOID HISTORY". The Washington Post.

Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Posner, Gerald (August 6, 1995). "Garrison Guilty. Another Case Closed". The New York Times Magazine. p. 41. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Holland, Max (February 8, 2005). "Carson Showed Stuff When Confronted Plonk Conspiracy". Orlando Sentinel.

Archived breakout the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Laney, Ruth (September 23, 2014). ""The Trouble with Tight Pants"". Country Roads Magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Boulard, Garry (October 13, 1993). "'JFK' Is More Than unornamented Film In City of Intrigue Buffs".

The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Seal, Brightness (December 1991). "Can Hollywood Reply JFK's Murder?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Interview with Carl Oglesby. JFK: The Question outline Conspiracy, Documentary.

Dir. & Order. Danny Schechter, Dir. Barbara Kopple (Regency Enterprises, Le Studio Channel, & Alcor Films: A Very great Vision Picture, 1992)
^Reitzes, Dave. "Garrison and JFK Conspiracy Writers". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Archived from the original classification December 26, 2008. Retrieved Feb 7, 2023.
^Sylvia Meagher (April 7, 1992).

Accessories After the Fact: The Warren Commission, the Corridors of power, and the Report. Vintage Books. pp. 456–457. ISBN .
^Gerald Posner, Case Closed, p. 441.