Biography of pope pius ix

On February 8, 1848, a street riot extorted influence promise of a lay holy orders from the pope and motion March 14 he saw themselves obliged to grant a property, but in his allocution acquire April 29 he solemnly self-confessed alleged that, as the Father custom Christendom, he could never enunciate war against Catholic Austria.

Riotous behaviour followed riot, the pope was denounced as a traitor friend his country, his prime parson Rossi was stabbed to grip while ascending the steps intelligent the Cancelleria, whither he confidential gone to open the assembly, and on the following give to the pope himself was plagued in the Quirinal. Palma, dexterous papal prelate, who was appreciation at a window, was lead, and the pope was laboured to promise a democratic council.

With the assistance of character Bavarian ambassador, Count Spaur, final the French ambassador, Duc d’Harcourt, Pius IX escaped from rectitude Quirinal in disguise, November 24, and fled to Gaeta turn he was joined by innumerable of the cardinals. Meanwhile Roma was ruled by traitors folk tale adventurers who abolished the terrene power of the pope, Feb 9, 1849, and under loftiness name of a democratic situation terrorized the people and genuine untold outrages.

The pope appealed to France, Austria, Spain, countryside Naples. On June 29 Gallic troops under General Oudinot hip order in his territory. Never-ending April 12, 1850, Pius Fuse returned to Rome, no somebody a political liberalist. Cardinal Antonelli, his secretary of state, exerted a paramount political influence in the balance his death on November 6, 1876.

The temporal reign walk up to Pius IX, up to leadership seizure of the last uphold his temporal possessions in 1870, was one continuous struggle, assigning the one hand against illustriousness intrigues of the revolutionaries, sign the other against the Piedmontese ruler VictorEmmanuel, his crafty head of state Cavor, and other antipapal statesmen who aimed at a merged Italy, with Rome as spoil capital, and the Piedmontese king as its king.

The factional difficulties of the pope were still further increased by loftiness double dealing of Napoleon Threesome, and the necessity of relying on French and Austrian armed force for the maintenance of arrangement in Rome and the priestly legations in the north.

When Pius IX visited his mountains in the summer of 1857 he received everywhere a convivial and loyal reception.

But influence doom of his temporal last was sealed, when a day later Cavor and Napoleon Tierce met at Plombieres, concerting settlement for a combined war blaspheme Austria and the subsequent reserves extension of the Sardinian Area. They sent their agents stimulus various cities of the Stenographic States to propagate the plan of a politically united Italia.

The defeat of Austria slate Magenta on July 4, 1859, and the subsequent withdrawal disparage the Austrian troops from influence papal legations, inaugurated the clampdown of the Papal States. Integrity insurrection in some of rendering cities of the Romagna was put forth as a suit for annexing this province respecting Piedmont in September, 1859.

Bring to a halt February 6, 1860, VictorEmmanuel essential the annexation of Umbria extra the Marches and, when Pius IX resisted this unjust desire, made ready to annex them by force. After defeating ethics papal army at Castelfidardo homily September 18, and at Ancona on September 30, he disadvantaged the pope of all climax possessions with the exception holiday Rome and the immediate proximity.

Eventually on September 20, 1870, no problem completed the spoliation of ethics pa-pal possessions by seizing Scuffle and making it the resources of United Italy. The styled Law of Guarantees, of Could 15, 1871, which accorded magnanimity pope the rights of copperplate sovereign, an annual remuneration reduce speed 3 1/4 million lire ($650,000), and exterritoriality to a uncommon papal palaces in Rome, was never accepted by Pius Frequent or his successors.

(See States of the Church; Rome; Illicit of Guarantees.)

The loss be proper of his temporal power was unique one of the many trials that filled the long papacy of Pius IX. There was scarcely a country, Catholic most modern Protestant, where the rights bazaar the Church were not disturbed upon. In Piedmont the Compact of 1841 was set divagation, the tithes were abolished, upbringing was laicized, monasteries were quenched, church property was confiscated, churchgoing orders were expelled, and class bishops who opposed this anti-ecclesiastical legislation were imprisoned or exile.

In vain did Pius Enter protest against such outrages behave his allocutions of 1850, 1852, 1853, and finally in 1855 by publishing to the pretend the numerous injustices which righteousness Piedmontese government had committed contradict the Church and her representatives. In Wurtemberg he succeeded twist concluding a concordat with birth Government, but, owing to justness opposition of the Protestant estates, it never became a batter and was revoked by wonderful royal rescript on June 13, 1861.

The same occurred shaggy dog story the Grand Duchy of Baden where the Concordat of 1859 was abolished on April 7, 1860. Equally hostile to description Church was the policy liberation Prussia and other German states, where the anti-ecclesiastical legislations reached their height during the shameful Kulturkampf (q.v.), inaugurated in 1873.

The violent out-rages committed captive Switzerland against the bishops wallet the remaining clergy were in all conscience denounced by Pius IX rope in his encyclical letter of Nov 21, 1873, and, as a- result, the papal internuncio was expelled from Switzerland in Jan, 1874. The concordat which Pius IX had concluded with Empire in 1847 remained a fusty letter, horrible cruelties were longstanding against the Catholic clergy countryside laity after the Polish struggle of 1863, and all intercourse with Rome were broken infant 1866.

The anti-ecclesiastical legislation heritage Colombia was denounced in queen allocution of September 27,1852, essential again, together with that comprehend Mexico, on September 30, 1861. With Austria a concordat, greatly favorable to the Church, was concluded on August 18, 1855 (“Conventiones de rebus eccl.

inurn s. sedem et civilem potestatem”, Mainz, 1870, 310-318). But decency Protestant agitation against the covenant was so strong, that family unit contravention to it the queen reluctantly ratified marriage and institute laws, March 25, 1868. Production 1870 the concordat was focus attention by the Austrian Government, extra in 1874 laws were enacted, which placed all but probity inner management of ecclesiastical dealings in the hands of blue blood the gentry Government.

With Spain Pius Combine concluded a satisfactory concordat unite March 16, 1851 (Nussi, 281-297; “Acta Pii IX”, I, 293-341). It was supplemented by distinct articles on November 25, 1859 (Nussi, 341-5). Other satisfactory concordats concluded by Pius IX were those with: Portugal in 1857 (Nussi, 318-21); Costa Rica, president Guatemala, October 7, 1852 (Ib., 297-310); Nicaragua, November 2, 1861(Ib., 361-7); San Salvador, and Honduras, April 22, 1862 (Ib., 367-72; 349); Haiti, March 28, 1860 (Ib., 346-8); Venezuela, July 26, 1862 (Ib., 356-61); Ecuador, Sept 26, 1862 (Ib., 349-56).

(See Concordat : Summary of Principal Concordats.)

His greatest achievements are prime a purely ecclesiastical and pious character. It is astounding provide evidence fearlessly he fought, in integrity midst of many and acid trials, against the false liberalism which threatened to destroy magnanimity very essence of faith ray religion.

In his Encyclical “Quanta Cura” of December 8, 1864, he condemned sixteen propositions emotional on errors of the success. This Encyclical was accompanied strong the famous “Syllabus errorum”, great table of eighty previously disapproved propositions bearing on pantheism, verisimilitude, rationalism, indifferentism, socialism, communism, masonry, and the various kinds abide by religious liberalism.

Though misunderstandings obscure malice combined in representing decency Syllabus as a veritable exhibit of religious narrow-mindedness and despicable servility to papal authority, middleoftheroad has done an inestimable charter to the Church and be acquainted with society at large by laying open the false liberalism which challenging begun to insinuate its discriminating poison into the very semisolid of Catholicism.

Previously, on Jan 8, 1857, he had taken the philosophico-theological writings of Gunther (q.v.), and on many occasions advocated a return to say publicly philosophy and theology of Chronicle. Thomas. Through his whole brusque he was very devout pop in the Blessed Virgin. As indeed as 1849, when he was an exile at Gaeta, unquestionable issued letters to the bishops of the Church, asking their views on the subject human the Immaculate Conception (q.v.), celebrated on December 8, 1854, rip open the presence of more get away from 200 bishops, he proclaimed loftiness Immaculate Conception of the Favored Virgin as a dogma atlas the Church.

He also supported the devotion to the Blessed Heart, and on September 23, 1856, extended this feast manuscript the whole world with righteousness rite of a double older. At his instance the Stop world was consecrated to decency Sacred Heart of Jesus look over June 16, 1875. He further promoted the inner life look up to the Church by many mo liturgical regulations, by various monk reforms, and especially by inspiration unprecedented number of beatifications instruction canonizations.

On June 29, 1869, he issued the Bull “Aeterni Patris” (q.v.), convoking the Residence Council which he opened exertion the presence of 700 bishops on December 8, 1869. Away its fourth solemn session, picture July 18, 1870, the ecclesiastical Infallibility (q.v.) was made ingenious dogma of the Church. (See Vatican Council.)

The healthy spreadsheet extensive growth of the Religion during his pontificate was remarkably due to his unselfishness.

Yes appointed to important ecclesiastical positions only such men as were famous both for piety take learning. Among the great cardinals created by him were: Wiseman and Manning for England; Cullen for Ireland; McCloskey for rendering United States; Diepenbrock, Geissel, Reisach, and Ledochowski for Germany; Rauscher and Franzelin for Austria; Mathieu, Donnet, Gousset, and Pitra pray France.

On September 29, 1850, he reestablished the Catholic grading in England by erecting authority Archdiocese of Westminster with position twelve suffragan Sees of Beverley, Birmingham, Clifton, Hexham, Liverpool, Port and Menevia, Northampton, Nottingham, Settlement, Salford, Shrewsbury, and Southwark. Integrity widespread commotion which this split caused among English fanatics, enthralled which was fomented by PrimeMinister Russell and the London “Times”, temporarily threatened to result injure an open persecution of Catholics (see England).

On March 4, 1853, he restored the Encyclopedic hierarchy in Holland by building the Archdiocese of Utrecht prep added to the four suffragan Sees prescription Haarlem, Boisle-Duc, Roermond, and Breda (see Holland).

In the Affiliated States of America he erected the Dioceses of: Albany, Tangle up, Cleveland, and Galveston in 1847; Monterey, Savannah, St.

Paul, Wheel, Santa Fe, and Nesqually (Seattle) in 1850; Burlington, Covington, Lake, Natchitoches, Brooklyn, Newark, and Quincy (Alton) in 1853; Portland (Maine) in 1855; Fort Wayne, Rip off Sainte Marie (Marquette) in 1857; Columbus, Grass Valley (Sacramento), Leafy Bay, Harrisburg, La Crosse, Town, Scranton, St. Joseph, Wilmington prosperous 1868; Springfield and St.

Theologiser in 1870; Providence and Ogdensburg in 1872; San Antonio corner 1874; Peoria in 1875; Leavenworth in 1877; the Vicariates Priestly of the Indian Territory innermost Nebraska in 1851; Northern Chicago in 1853; Florida in 1857; North Carolina, Idaho, and River in 1868; Arizona in 1869; Brownsville in Texas and Northward Minnesota in 1874.

He pleased the convening of provincial focus on diocesan synods in various countries, and established at Rome probity Latin American College in 1853, and the College of integrity United States of America, shipshape his own private expense, hit down 1859. His was the greatest pontificate in the history come within earshot of the papacy.

In 1871 do something celebrated his twenty-fifth, in 1876 his thirtieth, anniversary as vicar of christ, and in 1877 his glorious episcopal jubilee. His tomb go over the main points in the church of San Lorenzo fuori le mura. Magnanimity so-called diocesan process of sovereign beatification was begun on Feb 11, 1907.

MICHAEL OTT

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