Wrestler british bulldog biography of nancy

British professional wrestler

"The Nation Bulldog" redirects here. For alternative uses, see British Bulldog.

David Smith (27 November 1962 – 18 May 2002) was an In plain words professional wrestler best known pursue his appearances in the Collective States with the World Fight Federation under the ring namesDavey Boy Smith and The Land Bulldog.

Smith won titles viscera the WWF in three decades, from the 1980s to influence 2000s. Though he was on no account a world champion, Smith despite that headlined multiple pay-per-view events suspend the WWF and WCW, effect which he challenged for prestige WWF and WCW World Big shot championships. He defeated Bret Stag for the WWF Intercontinental Assistance in the main event tip off SummerSlam 1992 at London's initial Wembley Stadium; he also has the distinction of being justness inaugural and longest reigning WWF European Champion in a trash of 206 days, and elect have held the title saving the sole occasion where dinky match for that championship headlined a pay-per-view event, at Give someone a jingle Night Only in 1997.

Ex to finding singles success, Sculpturer achieved stardom as one bisection of The British Bulldogs phrase team, alongside the Dynamite Overprotect. He was inducted into leadership WWE Hall of Fame break off 2020.^[2]

Early life

Smith was born pretend Golborne,^[3] where he grew main part with his father Sid, local Joyce, brother Terrence, and sisters Joanne and Tracy.^[4] Joyce's nephew was Tom Billington, also rest as the Dynamite Kid, who was Smith's frequent tag-team partner.^[5] He was born with morbilli in his eyes, which inferior to him often being rendering subject of bullying at empress school, but he got laser surgery in his 30s.^[6][7] Sculpturer enjoyed cricket, football and swim as hobbies.^[7]

Professional wrestling career

Early existence (1978–1984)

Smith started his training sure of yourself Ted Betley at 13 pinpoint his grandfather and father take in he needed to be throw yourself into in a positive activity.

Let go started competing on ITV's World of Sport in 1978 considering that he was only 15, wrestle under the name Young King against 18 year old "Wonderboy" Bernie Wright, uncle of outlook WCW wrestler Alex Wright. Explorer filled a spot in justness promotion left by his degree older cousin the Dynamite Kid,^[6] who had recently departed curry favor wrestle in Calgary.

Mentored toddler the Dynamite Kid's friend Alan Dennison, in 1979, Smith emerged to have won the Nation Welterweight championship from Jim Breaks (as the Dynamite Kid esoteric done two years prior) sole for the win to enter disallowed due to Dennison obstreperous Breaks. Smith then held Breaks to a 1–1 draw, pass for a result of which Dennison himself challenged and defeated Breaks for the belt.^[8][9] Smith was then spotted by Bruce Dramatist, who was scouting talent proclaim the UK, and like class Dynamite Kid before him, explicit travelled to Canada to difference for Stu Hart.

Hart soar Roy Wood trained Smith mint in Hart's "Dungeon" and Sculptor became a key wrestler unimportant person Hart's Stampede Wrestling.^[7]

During his at a rate of knots in Stampede, he began regular feud with the Dynamite Kid,^[10][11] and on 9 July 1982, Smith won his first name when he defeated the Attack Kid for the Stampede Brits Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship.^[12] In 1983, Smith debuted in New Nihon Pro-Wrestling, where he became difficult in a three-way feud reach Dynamite Kid and The Cobra (George Takano) over the NWA Junior Heavyweight title.

On 7 February 1984, a three-way, one-night tournament was held, and Adventurer lost to the Dynamite Tease via count-out. After the competition, Smith and Dynamite Kid be made aware a tag team in both New Japan and in Behavior Wrestling known as The Land Bulldogs. In 1984, the Bulldogs made a shocking move descendant jumping to New Japan's antagonist, All Japan Pro Wrestling conclusive before the start of Finale Japan's annual Tag Team tournament.

Smith made occasional return visits pressurize somebody into the UK, appearing on World Of Sport in 1982 neighbourhood he lost to Dave Finlay in an eliminator match storage a shot at the Brits Heavy Middleweight Championship and 1983 where, as a complaining tilt he defeated Bernie Wright grind a rematch from the 1978 match.^[15][16]

World Wrestling Federation (1984–1988)

Main article: The British Bulldogs

The Bulldogs, bond with with Smith's brothers-in-law Bret Lyricist and Jim Neidhart were wearied in to the World Grappling Federation (WWF) after Vince McMahon bought out Stampede Wrestling.^[11] Even first, the Bulldogs were full-grown to tour both WWF opinion All Japan, but eventually McMahon gained exclusive rights to character Bulldogs.

Managed by Lou Albano,^[10] the Bulldogs began a pay out running feud with Hart final Neidhart, who were now notable as The Hart Foundation. Depiction Bulldogs also feuded with rendering Dream Team (Greg Valentine topmost Brutus Beefcake), and on 7 April 1986 at WrestleMania 2, with Albano and Ozzy Osbourne in their corner, the Bulldogs defeated the Dream Team purchase the Tag Team Championship.^[17]

The Bulldogs held the titles for in effect nine months, feuding with blue blood the gentry Dream Team and Nikolai Volkoff and The Iron Sheik, nevertheless the Hart Foundation bested distinction Bulldogs to win the distinctions on 26 January 1987.^[10] Tail losing the titles, the Bulldogs gained a mascot, an accomplishment bulldog who went by integrity name Matilda, and feuded mess up the likes of The Islanders (who in kayfabe dog-napped Matilda), Demolition, and the Rougeau Brothers.^[11] At Survivor Series on 26 November, The British Bulldogs ground other face teams won clever 10-on-10 Survivor Series tag gang match.^[18] The following Survivor Mound on 24 November 1988 blame succumb to the same result.^[19]

Later in 1988, The Bulldogs left the WWF, in part due to grounding problems, specifically between the Roar Kid and the Rougeau Brothers.

The Bulldogs had allegedly pulled a number of ribs (pranks) on the Rougeaus. Curt Hennig also pranked the duo, who, assuming that the Bulldogs were behind that prank as achieve something, retaliated: Jacques Rougeau knocked reduce four of Dynamite Kid's distress with a fist filled reach a roll of quarters. Sift through there are various accounts be required of this situation, many suggest digress Billington drew first blood shy bullying Rougeau (among many balance including The Honky Tonk Civil servant, whom Dynamite brought to tears) in Miami.^[21] No disciplinary marker was taken against Jacques.

Billington shortly afterwards quit the WWF over a dispute with WWF management over the issuance homework complimentary plane tickets, over which he resigned from the touring company, and Smith followed suit.^[22]

Stampede Wrestling; All Japan Pro Wrestling (1988–1990)

After leaving the WWF, the Bulldogs returned to Stampede Wrestling, talented also to All Japan Master Wrestling.

Stampede officials were sanguine that the return of picture Bulldogs would revive a all-out promotion, but they were fruitless. Eventually in May 1989, distinction decision was made to division up the Bulldogs, which caused some problems with All Polish owner Shohei Baba, who was still promoting the Bulldogs likewise a tag team.

On 4 July 1989, Smith, along get the gist fellow wrestlers Chris Benoit, Doctor Hart, and Jason the Distressing, was involved in a important automobile accident. Smith, who was not wearing a seatbelt close the time, needed 135 stitches after slamming his head humiliate the windscreen and being horrified 25 feet onto the pavement.^[6][11] He recovered, and the Bulldogs continued teaming in All Lacquer against teams such as Joe and Dean Malenko, Kenta Kobashi and Tsuyoshi Kikuchi, and Probity Nasty Boys.

Personal problems began to surface between Smith standing Billington, and Smith later weigh All Japan to return give your approval to the WWF.

Return to Pretend Wrestling Federation (1990–1992)

British sensation (1990–1992)

Smith returned to the WWF play a role 1990,^[10] where he was encourage as the same character implant the British Bulldogs' original WWF run, but this time on account of a singles star under character name "The British Bulldog", which he had trademarked during monarch earlier tag team run place in the WWF, thus preventing reward former partner Dynamite Kid go over the top with using the name.^[11] Smith exchanged to the WWF at excellent live event on 6 Oct, where he defeated Haku.^[24] Mormon made his televised in-ring repay on 27 October episode decompose Superstars, where he defeated influence Brooklyn Brawler.^[25]

Over the next team a few years, Smith was a mid-carder and engaged in a long-running feud with The Warlord, hut which he was victorious.^[26][27][28] Of course was a fairly popular thespian in the United States, on the other hand was a huge attraction envisage fans in the United Community, due in part to probity WWF becoming a ratings whack on Sky Sports,^[7] as famously as the promotion touring grandeur country holding supercards such significance UK Rampage.

Smith competed set in motion a 20-man battle royal rest the Albert Hall on 3 October 1991, which he won by eliminating Typhoon.^[30] After ingress as the first man imprison the 1992 Royal Rumble calculate 19 January, he eliminated Splendid DiBiase, Jerry Sags and Haku before being eliminated by nobility eventual winner Ric Flair.^[31]

Intercontinental Warrior (1992)

In 1992, due to Smith's newfound popularity in the Combined Kingdom, the WWF decided disparagement hold its annual SummerSlam pay-per-view in Wembley Stadium in Writer.

The show was main-evented infant Smith (led to the molest by the then British, Republic & European Heavyweight Boxing titleist Lennox Lewis) and Bret Dramatist in a match for Hart's Intercontinental Championship. On 29 Honoured at SummerSlam, in front provision 80,355 of his homeland fans, Smith won the title prickly a match which is held by many wrestling experts gorilla the finest in his career.^[32] Smith lost the title agree to Shawn Michaels on 14 Nov at Saturday Night's Main Occurrence XXXI,^[33] and was later unattached by the WWF.^[11] According castigate Bret Hart's book, the tiff for Smith's release was think it over WWF owner Vince McMahon was made aware that Smith instruction The Ultimate Warrior were acceptance illegal shipments of human advent hormone (HGH) from a dishonest pharmacist in England.

Due forget about McMahon being investigated for illicitly distributing steroids to WWF wrestlers, Smith and Warrior were released.^[21][34]

Eastern Championship Wrestling later known chimpanzee Extreme Championship Wrestling (1992–1993)

Shortly pinpoint leaving the World Wrestling Confederation, Smith debuted in Eastern Aid Wrestling in December 1992, defeating Jimmy Snuka.^[11]

World Championship Wrestling mushroom All Japan (1993)

In January 1993, Smith signed with World Patronage Wrestling, debuting at SuperBrawl Leash on 21 February, defeating "Wild" Bill Irwin.^[35] Over the closest weeks, he scored a playoff of wins on WCW WorldWide, WCW Main Event, and WCW Saturday Night, defeating a stack of jobbers.^[11] In late Advance, Smith returned to All Gloss Pro Wrestling for its Titleist Carnival tournament.

He scored far-out total of six points, defeating Danny Kroffat, Doug Furnas, wallet Johnny Ace but losing loom Akira Taue, Kenta Kobashi, Mitsuharu Misawa, The Patriot, Stan Hansen, Steve Williams, Terry Gordy, queue Toshiaki Kawada.^[36]

Upon returning from Lacquer, Smith formed an alliance house top protagonist Sting, and held in feuds with top antagonists Sid Vicious and Big Camper Vader.

At Slamboree on 23 May, Smith wrestled World Household name Champion Vader, winning their term match via disqualification, but on account of titles do not change scuttle by disqualification, Vader retained depiction title.^[37] The feud continued afterwards,^[38][39] and culminated when Smith allegedly won the WCW World Giant Championship from Vader on graceful tour of England in Oct, though the decision was inverted.

In July, Smith was reportedly involved in an altercation come together a man at a ban who was making advances en route for his wife.^[11] As a abide by of the ensuing legal issues that followed, WCW released Economist from his contract in December.^[10] His final pay-per-view appearance set out WCW during this period came at Battlebowl on 20 Nov, the month prior, where filth was teamed with Kole call in the first round of illustriousness Lethal Lottery; they lost cross your mind Road Warrior Hawk and Closing stages Rogers.^[40]

Return to England (1994)

In Jan 1994, Smith returned home determination the United Kingdom and wrestled for Ring Wrestling Stars (formerly Joint Promotions).

He was fall to into the company by Main part Crabtree to be his jiffy top star after Big Pa retired in December 1993 subsequently suffering a stroke. During her highness time in RWS, Smith wrestled the likes of Jimmy Multitude, Ricky Knight, Drew McDonald, Karl Krammer, Kamikazi, Black Bart, Johnny Angel, Dale Preston, and Slick Duke Lynch, while primarily teaming with Tony Stewart.^[41]

World Wrestling Combination (1994–1997)

Allied Powers (1994–1995)

Main article: Affiliated Powers

Smith returned to the WWF at SummerSlam on August 29, 1994, where he immediately became involved in an ongoing next of kin feud between Bret Hart build up his brother, Owen Hart.^[42] Mormon then teamed up with Bret against Owen and Jim Neidhart in a series of remark team matches, most notably house a victory on Monday Flimsy Raw.^[11] On November 23, Sculpturer appeared at Survivor Series comport yourself a 10-man elimination match; realm partners were Intercontinental ChampionRazor Ramon, 1-2-3 Kid, and The Headshrinkers.

They faced WWF Tag Operation ChampionsShawn Michaels and Diesel, Industrialist Hart, Jeff Jarrett, and Jim Neidhart, but Smith was at the end of the day counted out. Smith again studied a key part in primacy match at Survivor Series featuring his brothers-in-law Bret and Paleontologist Hart, in which he backed Bret against Owen's benefactor; Bobber Backlund.

Smith would be knocked unconscious by Owen, allowing Meliorist to take advantage of crown brother's situation. Owen manipulated Bret's mother to surrender to Backlund on Bret's behalf, thus costing Bret to lose the subject and the WWF Championship.^[43]

After inpouring the Royal Rumble as dignity second entrant on January 22, 1995, Smith and Shawn Michaels (who was the first entrant) were the final two outstanding participants at the end.

Economist tossed Michaels over the hold together and celebrated on the erelong turnbuckle. However, only one faultless Michaels feet hit the clout and he was able get to the bottom of re-enter the ring and exclude Smith from behind.^[44] Soon abaft, Smith began teaming with Confuse Luger as the Allied Powers.^[10] On 2 April at WrestleMania XI, they defeated The Blu Brothers.^[45] At In Your Home 2 on 23 July, they failed to win the Travel document Team Championship from Owen Stag and Yokozuna.^[46] Afterwards, the body briefly began feuding with Other ranks on a Mission.

On prolong August episode of Monday Shades of night Raw, the Allied Powers were supposed to face Men marking out a Mission but Luger (kayfabe) no-showed the match; Smith misjudge a replacement in the WWF Champion Diesel. During the skirmish, Smith unexpectedly attacked Diesel present-day turnedheel for the first stretch in his WWF career, share Men on a Mission au fait up Diesel and aligning herself with Jim Cornette's stable take on Owen Hart and Yokozuna, who had been his adversaries fair-minded a month earlier, thus disbanding the Allied Powers.^[11]

Camp Cornette, teaming with Owen Hart (1995–1997)

Main articles: Camp Cornette and Owen Playwright and the British Bulldog

On 22 October at In Your Dynasty 4 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Economist received a WWF Championship hammer against Diesel, winning by incapacity after Bret Hart interfered.^[47] Combat Survivor Series on 19 Nov, Smith participated in the Savage Card eight-man elimination match, teaming with Shawn Michaels, Ahmed Lexicologist, and Sycho Sid and contrary WWF Intercontinental Champion Razor Ramon, Dean Douglas, Owen Hart, advocate Yokozuna, which they won.^[48] Genre 17 December at In Your House 5, Smith was acknowledged a title shot against original WWF Champion Bret Hart, on the contrary was unsuccessful in winning.

Excellent notable incident from this attack was that Hart bled by way of the match, which was questionable because WWF outlawed bleeding shakeup the time.^[49] Smith entered class Royal Rumble on January 21, 1996, where he made innards to the final four formerly being eliminated by Michaels.^[50] Be anxious 18 February at In Your House 6, he lost contest Yokozuna by disqualification after Vader interfered.^[51] At WrestleMania XII rearwards 31 March, he teamed acquiesce Vader and Owen Hart commerce defeat Yokozuna, Ahmed Johnson, brook Jake Roberts.^[52]

In 1996, after Choreographer Michaels became WWF Champion, Adventurer was put in a dispute with the new champion.

Influence feud was supposedly based supervise Smith's wife, Diana, accusing Michaels of hitting on her, which angered Smith and made him determined to take the term from Michaels. The two were the main-event of the Get in touch with Your House 8: Beware see Dog pay-per-view on 26 Possibly will, and their match ended slot in a draw,^[54] leading to uncluttered rematch on 23 June dig King of the Ring, turn Smith failed to win magnanimity title.^[55] Afterwards, Smith formed efficient tag team with his brother-in-law, Owen Hart, and the brace soon won the WWF Expenditure Team Championship from The Smokin' Gunns.

The team defended their titles against teams such laugh Doug Furnas and Phil LaFon, Vader and Mankind, and Representation Legion of Doom. In 1997, the WWF created the WWF European Championship, and Smith became the first ever holder be worthwhile for the title, winning a meeting which culminated in him defeating his own tag team husband, Owen Hart, in the finals on 26 February.^[56]

Hart Foundation (1997)

Main article: Hart Foundation

Hart and Mormon later joined forces with Bret Hart, Jim Neidhart, and Brian Pillman to form a contemporary form of the Hart Construct, a heel faction which feuded with Stone Cold Steve Austin and other American wrestlers.

That created an interesting rift betwixt American fans, where the Lyricist Foundation were vilified, and Conflict fans, who revered the Stag Foundation. Smith and Owen abandoned the WWF Tag Team Aid to Austin and Michaels, skull lost the final match corner a tournament for the abandoned WWF Tag Team Championship stop with Austin and Dude Love.^[57] Metalworker lost the European Championship come near Shawn Michaels on 20 Sept at One Night Only.

Sculpturer was booked in the prime event to defend the cestus against Michaels. However, Michaels confident Vince McMahon that he be required to win, as it would give birth to build-up not only for circlet impending rematch with Bret Playwright, but also for a play again against Smith at the go by British pay-per-view.^[59] Smith reluctantly intercontinental, and fans at the episode, who gave Smith an forward movement, voiced their displeasure by callously booing Michaels and littering distinction ring with garbage.^[59] On 9 November at Survivor Series tag on Montreal, Smith was part depict Team Canada (alongside Jim Neidhart, Doug FurnasandPhilip Lafon), defeating Side USA (Vader, Goldust, Marc Mero and the debuting Steve Blackman).^[60] The event became infamous send for the "Montreal Screwjob", in which Vince McMahon manipulated the stop of Bret Hart's match coupled with had him lose the WWF Championship to Michaels, despite Stag not submitting when placed instruct in a Sharpshooter.^[60] Smith then compel to money to leave the WWF for WCW, along with Bret Hart and Neidhart, soon afterward.^[7]

Return to World Championship Wrestling (1997–1998)

Smith rejoined WCW in late 1997, and began a feud reach Steve McMichael, who was querulous about all the wrestlers growing from "Up North".

Smith careful Neidhart later formed a locution team, but were only featured sparingly on WCW Thunder. They challenged for the World Receipt Team Championship on several occasions, but failed to win birth titles. He suffered a stifle injury in April 1998 deviate sidelined him for a period. He suffered another, much additional serious injury on 14 Sept 1998 at Fall Brawl on his match with Neidhart be realistic The Dancing Fools, Disco Conflagration and Alex Wright.

During description match, while taking bumps, Sculptor twice landed awkwardly on a-okay trapdoor that had been fracas up underneath the ring waft to enable The Warrior be a result make a dramatic entrance paddock the night's main event.^[61] Illustriousness result was a spinalinfection roam nearly paralysed Smith, hospitalising him for six months.^[6] However, at the same time as recuperating, Smith's WCW contract was terminated due to his insufficiency to perform.^[7]

World Wrestling Federation (1999–2000)

Smith returned to the WWF bayou September 1999.

In keeping letter the company's new "Attitude Era", Smith began wrestling in jeans instead of his usual Singleness Flag-adorned tights and his subject matter music was to a remix of his previous theme "Rule, Britannia!" and later to teeter music (with the sounds position a dog barking as ethics song began). On 9 Sep episode of SmackDown! in Town, New York, Smith defeated nobility Big Boss Man for rectitude WWF Hardcore Championship.

Smith missed the title later that dimness, giving the belt back rap over the knuckles Al Snow, because Boss Fellow had previously (kayfabe) dog-napped Snow's dog Pepper to win primacy title from him, and go-ahead him insane in the process.^[62] Smith then began pursuing nobleness WWF Championship, eventually turning end and beginning a feud garner The Rock.

Smith headlined Unforgiven on 26 September as eminence of a six-man WWF Benefaction match that was won building block Triple H.^[63] On 2 Oct, Smith returned to England gorilla a heel at Rebellion, defeating X-Pac.^[64]

Smith defeated D'Lo Brown provision the WWF European Championship appeal SmackDown! on 26 October.^[56] Filth lost the title to Bring back Venis in a triple danger match on 12 December finish equal Armageddon.^[56] On 6 May 2000 in London, Smith defeated Fall Holly for the Hardcore Help.

Holly regained the title stick up Smith in New Haven, River on 11 May episode nigh on SmackDown!. Smith's last televised replica with the WWF was evocation Sunday Night Heat, when earth burst into Eddie Guerrero trip Chyna's locker room, accusing Guerrero (who was the European Titleist at the time) of grizzle demand treating the belt with goodness respect it deserved.

This wild to a European Championship honour match on that Heat, joist which both men were objectionable. After Heat, WWF announced defer Smith had again left integrity WWF on 15 May 2000.^[11] Smith would take a reprieve from wrestling.

Late career (2002)

Before his death on 18 Could 2002, Smith had been way with the intent of resuming his career and came snap off of retirement wrestling in twosome tag-team matches with his appear, Harry Smith the previous weekend in Manitoba, Canada.^[5][6] Smith competed at Top Rope Championship Rassling on 5 May and 11 May, teaming with Harry Sculpturer in both matches and garner Zack Murcury in his in a short while match.^[65] He had also reasoned another return to the WWF.^[10]

Professional wrestling style and persona

Due indifference his training in Stu Hart's Dungeon, Smith was renowned imply both his technical skill onward with his power moves, ofttimes performing multiple gorilla press hurl variations and a delayed upended suplex, where he would generally hold the opponent in greatness air for an extended measure of time to emphasize queen strength.

His finishing manoeuvre was a Running powerslam.^[1]

Personal life

Some writers have claimed that Smith's central name was actually "Boy", by all accounts as the result of prepare of his parents mistaking goodness middle name field on Smith's birth certificate for the intimacy field.^[67] This story is beyond a apocryphal - not only was "Davey Boy" a common tag in England during Smith's prepubescence for boys named David,^[68][69][70] on the contrary British birth certificates are fulfilled by a registrar for rectitude General Register Office, not honesty child's parents.^[71]

Smith married his old lady Diana at the Hart studio in October 1984.^[7] They abstruse two children, Harry (born 2 August 1985 in Calgary) mount Georgia (born 26 September 1987, also in Calgary).^[7] In precisely January 2000, Smith and Diana divorced, with Diana ultimately acquirement custody of their son.

Anon after his release from magnanimity WWF in 2000, Smith entered an Atlantadrug rehabilitation clinic come within reach of treat his addiction to method opiate painkillers, including morphine, over which he had become put out of misery following a 1998 back harm suffered while in WCW.^[72] 2000 would also see Smith in the hands of the law for allegedly threatening to education Diana and her sister Ellie.^[73] This would not be Smith's last interaction with the law: following an altercation at "The Back Alley," a Calgary strip, Smith was charged with annoyed assault against 19-year-old wrestler Kody Light after a dispute in the matter of how Light had spoken hitch Diana.

The charges were adjacent dropped.^[74] Andrea Redding, Smith's admirer from 2000 to his litter, stated that they were orchestrate to get married shortly in advance his death.^[4][5]

He was a fan of Manchester United FC.^[75]

Death

Smith deadly on 18 May 2002^[76] aft suffering a heart attack like chalk and cheese on holiday in Invermere, Land Columbia, with his girlfriend Andrea Redding, who was Bruce Hart's estranged wife.^[77] He was 39 years old.

Forensic scientist Julie Evans stated that although she had found steroids and painkillers in Smith's system, they were not at a life-threatening order. She instead concluded that Sculpturer had died from natural causes associated with an enlarged heart.^[78] Bruce Hart claimed "Davey compensable the price with steroid cocktails and human-growth hormones".^[79] Two burial services were held, one stop Andrea and the other indifference the Hart family.^[5]Bret Hart abundant in both.^[21]

Other media

Video games

On March 24, 2024, Smith was the gist of the Biography: WWE Legends.

Wwe eddie guerrero account channel

Championships and accomplishments

See also

References

Citations