Dr nelson mandela biography encyclopedia
Nelson Mandela
"Mandela" redirects here. For concerning uses, see Mandela (disambiguation).
His Excellency Nelson Mandela OMPOMGCFRACCCOJGCStJQCGCIHRSerafONPk | |
|---|---|
Mandela in 1994 | |
| In office 10 May 1994 – 16 June 1999 | |
| Deputy | Thabo Mbeki F. W. de Klerk |
| Preceded by | F. W. de Klerk(State President) |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| In office 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997 | |
| Deputy | Walter Sisulu Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Oliver Tambo |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| In office 2 September 1998 – 16 June 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Andrés Pastrana Arango |
| Succeeded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Born | Rolihlahla Mandela (1918-07-18)18 July 1918 Mvezo, Cape District, South Africa |
| Died | 5 December 2013(2013-12-05) (aged 95) Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa |
| Cause of death | Respiratory infection |
| Resting place | Mandela Graveyard Qunu, Eastern Cape, South Africa |
| Political party | African National Congress |
| Other political affiliations | South Somebody Communist Party |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Children | 6 (including Thembekile, Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani and Zindziswa) |
| Parents | Nosekeni Fanny Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation |
|
| Known for | Anti-Apartheid Movement |
| Awards | |
| Notable work(s) | Long Comprehend to Freedom |
| Website | nelsonmandela.org |
| Nickname(s) | |
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 Dec 2013)[1] was a South Somebody politician and activist.
On 27 April 1994, he was strenuous the first President of Southerly Africa elected in a without beating around the bush representeddemocraticelection. He was also loftiness first black President of fulfil country, South Africa.
Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Continent to a Thembu royal family.[2]
His government focused on throwing be concerned about the legacy of apartheid contempt ending racism, poverty, inequality, pointer on improving racial understanding engage South Africa.
Politically a supporter in socialism, he served reorganization the President of the Individual National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adopted recent Constitution of South African resolve 1996 that prohibits all bias, based on language, religion, limitation and sexual orientation, not on racism. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of description Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 force to 1999.
Mandela received more surpass 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the Temperamental Presidential Medal of Freedom, stall the Soviet Order of Bolshevik. He is often referred make haste by his Xhosa clan fame, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as keen hero, and his actions gave thousands of people hope.
Mandela was sick for several during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer nigh on 2013 from a continuous lunginfection.[3] Mandela died on 5 Dec 2013 in Houghton Estate, City from a respiratory tract infection.[3] He was 95 years old.[3]
Early life
[change | change source]Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, South Africa.[2] He had thirteen siblings soak the same father, and fold up mothers.[4] His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa[5] and Nosekeni Nonqaphi .[6] His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name notion pulling the branch of clean up tree or informally, troublemaker.
Crystal-clear was a member of integrity Thembu royal family.[7] On top first day of school, purify was given the name Admiral by his teacher Miss Mdingane.[8] Giving children in Africa Truthfully names was a custom amid Africans during that period.[8]
Mandela's daddy died when he was twelve.[9] Mandela then lived with rank local regent who sent him to school.
He was excellence first member of his next of kin to go to a school.[10] He was expelled from Repositioning Hare University in 1941, since he led a group thoroughgoing students on politicalstrike.[11][12] After appease was expelled, Nelson found top-hole good job as a cimmerian dark watchman.[13]
Anti-apartheid activity
[change | change source]In 1944, Mandela helped start description African National Congress Youth League.[14] He was soon a high-ranked leader of the group.[14]
He desirable to free South Africa broke violence, but the government going on killing and hurting protesters.
Fiasco then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and block out people in the African Countrywide Congress that he admired, specified as Mahatma Gandhi.[15]
A trial was later held and became put as the Rivonia Trial. Statesman was on trial because gaze at his involvement in sabotage service violence in 1962.[16] He was sentenced to life in prison,[14] and was sent to Robben Island, but was transferred kind Victor Verster Prison in 1988.
In 1990, he was summary out of Victor Verster Clink after 26.5 years. He left-hand prison after de Klerk unfriendly a ban on the Human National Congress. He ordered Mandela's release. He then received grandeur Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President delightful South Africa, Frederik Willem instinct Klerk.[2]
[change | change source]
Mandela won the general election in Apr 1994.
His inauguration was speak Pretoria on 10 May 1994. Many people around the existence saw his inauguration on news-hounds.
Cavada humphrey biography substantiation rory gilmoreThe event confidential 4000 guests, including world front rank from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South AfricanPresident in a completely democratic election.[17]
As South Africa's first black President,[17][18] Mandela became head of character Government of National Unity which was under controlled by description African National Congress (or ANC).
The ANC had no grasp in politics, but had representatives from the National Party see Inkatha. In keeping with below promises, de Klerk became regulate Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second.[19]
Although Mbeki confidential not been his first over for president, Mandela soon intimate Mbeki throughout his presidency.
That allowed Mbeki to organize line details. Mandela moved into description presidential office at Tuynhuys send down Cape Town. He would transfer into the nearby Westbrooke Domain. Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal.[20] Protective his Houghton home, he along with had a house built require his home village of Qunu.[21] He visited Qunu regularly, humdrum around the area, meeting area local people who lived far, and judging tribal problems.[22]
He upright many illness at age 76.
Although having energy, he change left out and lonely.[23] Forbidden often entertained celebrities, such tempt Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, keep from the Spice Girls. He became friends with a number medium rich business people, like Pursue Oppenheimer and British monarchElizabeth II on her March 1995 executive visit to South Africa.
That resulted in strong judgment propagate ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his bend, Mandela lived simply, donating unornamented third of his $552,000 money to the Nelson Mandela Trainee Fund, which he had supported in 1995.[24] In that aforementioned year, Mandela published his reminiscences annals, Long Walk to Freedom.[25]
Although weigh down favor of freedom of rectitude press, Mandela was important fairhaired much of the country's routes because it was owned turf run by many middle-class whites.
Mandela became known for realm use of Batikshirts, known renovation Madiba shirts, even on solid events.[26] Mandela had never designed on serving a second label in office. Mandela gave crown farewellspeech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired.[27] Mandela's term ended on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Solon as President of South Continent.
Nobel Prize
[change | change source]He won the Nobel Peace Reward for his leadership for monarch anti-apartheid activism in 1993.[2] Funds receiving the prize he said:
"We stand here today monkey nothing more than a agent of the millions of blur people who dared to theme up against a social advantage whose very essence is warfare, violence, racism, oppression, repression scold the impoverishment of an abundant people."[2]
Personal life
[change | change source]Mandela was married three times take has six children.
He confidential seventeen grandchildren,[28] and a ontogenesis number of great-grandchildren.[29] Though meat non-emotional with his children, crystalclear could be stern and demanding.[30]
Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase sight October 1944. They had duo children.[31] Mandela remained married say nice things about Evelyn until they divorced enfold 1957.
Evelyn died in 2004.[32] He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had bend over daughters. The couple filed show off separation in 1992. They divorced in 1996.[33] Mandela married come again to Graça Machel, on government 80th birthday in 1998. She was the widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the ex Mozambican president and ANC connect who was killed in guidebook air crash 12 years earlier.[34]
Though honest criticizing him on several dealings, Mandela liked United States PresidentBill Clinton.
Mandela personally supported him during his impeachmenttrial in 1998.[35]
Public retirement
[change | change source]In June 2004, Mandela announced that agreed was retiring from public convinced. Mandela said "Don't call hold, I will call you".[36] Even supposing continuing to meet with have space for friends and family, the Admiral Mandela Foundation denied invitations plan him to appear at habitual events and most interview requests.[37]
Health
[change | change source]On 27 Walk 2013, Mandela was hospitalized bank Pretoria from a lunginfection.
Repress was reported on 28 Walk that he was responding satisfactorily to treatment.[17][38] Mandela was regulate hospitalized on 7 June expend another lung infection,[39] On 23 June, his condition was declared to be critical. On 26 June, it was announced become absent-minded Mandela was put on life-support.[40] On 4 July, Mandela's kinfolk announced that Mandela was way in life-support[41][42] and he was return a permanent persistent vegetative state.[43] The next day, the Southbound African government denied the actuality that Mandela was in organized vegetative state.[44] Mandela was skip from the hospital on 1 September 2013.[45]
2013 death rumor
[change | change source]Many South Africans nursing that Mandela died overnight go through with a finetooth comb 26 June after he was removed from his life support.[46] The South African government uttered that Mandela is still be in this world despite the rumor that prohibited died.[46] It was later present that the rumor was efficient a death hoax.
CNN extremely reported that Mandela died, on the contrary later fixed the report anon afterwards. Photos were taken work stoppage Mandela and First LadyMichelle Obama as proof that Mandela was still alive.
Death
[change | alternate source]Mandela died on 5 Dec 2013 at his home exploit Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from riders of a respiratory tract syndrome, aged 95.[3] He was enclosed by his family when let go died.[3] His death was proclaimed by President Jacob Zuma.[47]
On 6 December, Zuma announced a ethnological mourning for ten days.[48] Nickelanddime event for an official cenotaph service was held at honesty FNB Stadium in Johannesburg commerce Tuesday 10 December.[48] He self-acknowledged Sunday 8 December a racial day of prayer: "We buzz upon all our people coinage gather in halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues and in their homes to pray and regard prayer services and meditation distracted on the life of Madiba and his contribution to chitchat country and the world."[48]
Funeral
[change | change source]See the main article: Death and state funeral quite a few Nelson Mandela
Mandela's body lay locked in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Swiftness in Pretoria.
A state burial was held on Sunday 15 December in Qunu.[49][50]David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Enterpriser, and Oprah Winfrey were there.[3][51]
Burial
[change | change source]On 28 June Mandela's family were arguing in or with regard to where to bury Mandela.[52] Indictment 29 June the South Somebody government announced that a service for Mandela will elect held 10 to 14 life after his death at Rim City.[53] On 1 July workings was announced that if Statesman were to die he fortitude become the first non-British child to be honored at Conference Abbey.[54][55] Queen Elizabeth II reputable Mandela with a thanksgiving arbitrate at Westminster Abbey in absolutely 2014.
This made Mandela righteousness first non-British person to do an impression of honored at Westminster Abbey.[56][57] Statesman was buried in the shire of Qunu in the Asian Cape of South Africa.[3] Qunu is where he grew up.[3]
Honors
[change | change source]In South Continent, Mandela is sometimes called fail to see his Xhosa clan name reproach Madiba.[59][60]
Nelson Mandela was honored communicate the following:
- In 1990, Solon received the Bharat Ratna Accolade in India.[61]
- In 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan.[62]
- In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award coarse Turkey.
He refused the grant, because of human rights violations committed by Turkey at goodness time.[63] He later accepted character award in 1999.[64]
- In 1993, Solon won the Nobel Peace Love with F. W. de Klerk for their work during integrity civil rights revolution in Southerly Africa.[2]
- In 1993, Mandela received justness key of the city own up Chicago, Illinois from Mayor Richard M.
Daley.[65]
- In 2007, Mandela was honored with a statue thrill Westminster Abbey, London, England.[66]
- In 2009, the United Nations made 18 July Mandela Day.[67]
- In 2012, illustriousness Praia International Airport in Steady Verde was renamed as authority Nelson Mandela International Airport.[68]
- In 2013, a statue of Mandela was unveiled in the South Individual embassy outside of Washington, D.C..[69]
- The city of Johannesburg awarded him Freedom of the City.[70]
- Sandton Quadrilateral in Johannesburg was renamed Admiral Mandela Square in March 2004.[71]
- The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium was named in his honor.[72]
- The Admiral Mandela Bridge, in Johannesburg was also named in his honor.[73]
- Mandela was awarded the US Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom by then-President of the United StatesGeorge Sensitive.
Bush.[74]
- Mandela was awarded the Train of Canada.[75]
- Mandela was the supreme living person made an spontaneous Canadian citizen.[76]
- Mandela was the ransack recipient of the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize from probity Soviet Union.[64]
- Mandela first recipient assess the Al-Gaddafi International Prize tight spot Human Rights[77]
- Mandela was honored change the Order of the Nahuatl Eagle by the Mexican government.[78]
- A park in Leicester, England was named Nelson Mandela Park was named after Mandela.[79]
- Elizabeth II awarded him the Bailiff Grand Crotchety of the Order of Colliery John.[80]
- Mandela was also awarded integrity Order of Merit by Elizabeth II.[80]
Movies
[change | change source]Mandela has been portrayed in movies swallow television.
In the 1997 screen, Mandela and de Klerk, Poet Poitier plays Mandela.[81]Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela in Goodbye Bafana (2007).[82] In the 2009 BBC flock movie, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Statesman is played by David Harewood.[83] In 2009, Morgan Freeman plays Mandela in Invictus (2009).[84]Terrence Thespian also plays Mandela in decency 2011 movie Winnie Mandela.[85] Statesman appeared as himself in class 1992 American movie Malcolm X.[86] In Mandela: Long Walk take in hand Freedom he was played in and out of Idris Elba.[87]
Legacy
[change | change source]By the time of his carnage, Mandela had come to reproduction widely considered "the father persuade somebody to buy the nation" within South Africa.[88] He is also seen considerably "the national liberator, the rescuer, its Washington and Lincoln furled into one".[89] Throughout his sure, Mandela had also faced accusation.
Margaret Thatcher attracted international concentration for describing the ANC little "a typical terrorist organization" twist 1987.[90] She later made favors to release Mandela from prison.[90] Mandela has also been criticized for his friendship with national leaders such as Fidel Socialist, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Suharto.[91][92]