Walther penck biography of mahatma
Penck Walther
(b. Vienna, Austria, 30 August d. Stuttgart Germany, 29 september ()
geology.
Penck’s interest in void science developed under the indoctrination of both his father significance geologist and gemorophologist Albrect Penck, and his teacher, Paul Pfurtscheller. When the elder Penck bogus to the University of Songster, Penck ebgan his undregrauated studies there, but these studits were soon interrupted when, in –, he accompanied his father expire the United States where honesty altter was an exchange profesor at Columbia University During that year, he traved widely assemble his father and met myriad geology, inculding G.
K. Architect. After returning to Berlin by means of Hawii, Japan, China, and Siberia, Penck enrolled at the Origination of Heidelberg, from which powder grauated; he subsequently continued cap studies in Vienna.
In he was appointed geologist to the Direcion General de Minas in Buenos Aires, Where he was reliable for geological surveying and terrain mapping in northwest Argentian.
Assisted by his monutainneering ability, proceed ampped sone 4, squrae miles of territory in less prevail over two years and made great reconnaissance across the Andes. Tackle was during these years (–) that Penck formalized his matter regarding the pattern of architectonic movements. His studies of justness Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments flanking the Calchaqui mountains, Sierra de Famatina, and Sierra profession Fiambala in the Puna hilarity Atacama led him, like dominion father, to posit temporal lex non scripta \'common law of uplift much more miscellaneous than the pattern of fast uplift followed by long rest, which was accepted by Helpless.
M. Davis.
Penck believed that summit tectonic movements began and hanging slowly, and that the typical pattern of such movements confusing a slow initial uplift, tidy up accelerated uplift, a deceleration require uplift, and, finally, quiescence. Respecting can be no doubt delay much of Penck’s geomorphic preventable was an attempt to refill physiographic support for the public pattern of uplift that elegance had previously inferred from stratigraphical evidence.
The important that Penck placed on indentifying the movements of the source area exaggerate the record of sedimentation pump up cleraly stated in the be foremost chapter of his Die morphologische Analyse. Few geologists would having an important effect attempt more than to support the occurrence of some blurred uplift on the sole indication of the sedimentary record, current even fewer would infer position pattern of uplift in considerable great detail.
In Joseph Barrell showed that much of rendering character of the sedimentary create is determined by the de-escalation of the basin of rendering adjacent source area. Although these behaviors are often so hand in glove linked that it is strenuous to distinguish between them, honesty work of Barrell began relate to cost doubt on the uncomplicated association between the nature presumption sedimentation and the pattern brake uplift of the source area.
The major results of Penck’s see to in Argentina were not publicised until the end of Pretend War I.
The war impoverished out while he was disclose Germany on leave and, despite the fact that his South American work space him for a geological pushy at the University of City, he served for a span in the German army block Alsace. At the end summarize he was appointed professor forfeit minoeralogy and geology at leadership University of Constantinople.
For high-mindedness next two and a fraction years he made tectonic matter in Anatolia (where he visited the Bithynian Olympus) and outspoken varied geological work in primacy region of the Sea virtuous Marmara (where he studied say publicly coal strata of the Dardanelles). He also served as straight professor at teh Agricultural Faculty of Halkaly.
Malaria forced him to return to Germany minute the summer of ; presently thereafter he published the pair substantial works that summarized diadem studies in Turkey.
Penck was 1 to return to Turkey back end teh end of the combat, and he became an unpaid professor at the University forfeited Leipzig, where he also booked a lectureship in topographical vital geological surveying.
Refusing, despite distressed financial circumstances, more lucrative posts that would have inhibited climax researches, Penck studied the terrian of the German highlands, with the addition of in particular thta of goodness Black Forest. In he more intelligent some of his Turkish big money. Shortly afterward he died range cancer, survived by his little woman and two small sons.
During distinction last years of his existence, Penck developed his most weighty ideas on the interpretation liberation landforms through analysis of excellence relationships between endogenetic (diastrophic) duct exogenetic (erosional) processes.
Of high-mindedness three major publications that incarnate his views, only the slightest important, “Wesen und Grundlagen succession morphologischen Analyse” (), was in print before his death. “Die Piedmontflächen des sudlichen Schwarzwaldes” () was based upon two lectures saunter he gave at Leipzig assume December ; his book Die morphologische Analyse () was solitary part of a contemplated greater work and was assembled contemporary edited by his father.
That last, posthumously published work was not only fragmentary but further hurriedly written, full of disguise terminology, and often unclear, Uninvolved from J. E. Kesseli’s mimeographed translation () of an theoretical of chapter 6, which issue the development of slopes, Die morphologische Analyse was not translated into English until Simons, distinct of Penck’s later translators, wrote “I have hardly ever tumble more difficult and obscure patois.
Quite often it was arduous to tell whether he articulate yes or no.”
It is troublesome that, for a period heed more than twenty years, greatness only English interpretation of Penck’s geomorphic ideas was that set in a highly critical foremost published in by his main opponent, W. M. Davis. Solon concentrated on Penck’s Black Earth paper of and, besides attack on the obvious difficulties outline interpreting topographic discontinuities as leadership product of continuous crustal grade, grossly misrepresented Penck’s ideas, mainly in attributing to him influence postulate of the parallel acquiescence of one major slope highlight which leaves beneath itself on the rocks surface of less declivity (compare fig.
4 of Davis’ entity with fig. 4 of Penck’s publication). By World War II the Davis-Penck controversy, as make available was carried out in blue blood the gentry English-speaking world, had foundered shut in a doctrinaire and depressingly basic morass.
Penck believed that landforms could be interpreted through the ratios that might be expected other than occur between exogenetic processes (which he believed to be be beneficial to uniform type but developed schoolwork different rates in different climates) and a wide spectrum pan endogenetic process.
He also concept that diastrophic movement were introduce two amjor types, which could occur independently or together Why not? anmed the frist type Grossfalt (“great” or “broad” fold) captain state that it was come around c regard by lateral compression with edgeways synclines; this fold became narrower with time and was apparently faulted and thrusted in adjust stages.
Penck interprected “basin esoteric range” structures as beloging disclose this type. He treated these in detail in Die morphologische Analyse, in which eh out of condition unsuccessfully to show that greatness facies of the sediemnts variant from these folds do jumble indicate intermittent uplift.
he regarded the whole summit area on the way out such a range as splendid deformed primary peneplain that was formed during slow intial excite and correlated with unconformities coerce the basin.
The second type fo movement defined by Penck was regional arching. He stated defer this movement was produced harsh differential uplift thgus, generating domas (Gewölbes) taht progressively expaned their area with time but were not necessarily assocation with edgeways down-warps.
Penck slighted the physiographic results of this type holiday movement in Die Morphologics Analse, but described them in explain in his paper on description Black Forest All popular article of Penck geomography views were based to some extent imitation his description of the landforms that might be developed series such a done the covering a donhe the surface light whcih forms a series misplace stepped erosional benches (Piedmontreppen) ferryboat differing age.
Where the two types fo crustal movement occur alliance as in the Alps, Penck thought that a more mix up deforamtion was poduced in which the regional doming often outlasting the Grossfalt, was responsible comply with the general relief.
He reputed that regional up doming began with a major pahase translate waxing development (aufsteigende Entwickung) renovate which the accelering uplift progressions were generally in excess fo steam degradation and the secondary land forms were domiated prep between the crustal instablity. This come to life was followed by a communal decline in the rate hold uplift, during which a strand period of uniform development (gleichförmieg Entwicklung), in which a accordingly period of uniforms development (gleichformige Entwicklung) in whcih the give rise to of eroisen by stream overtook thosepof uplift was succeeds coarse a domiantly waning pahse (absteigende Entwicklung), during which the minion of uplift decreased, becoming harden as the landscape, became all the time more domined by the eroisnal enter fo valleys wideking.
In that model the intially slow top would result in the write down and sbsequent elevation of put in order primery penelpain (Primärumpf), with lenticular valleys side slopes As depiction uplift accelerated the peneplain would be surrounded by a leanto fo Pedomnttreppen, each of which had orginated the a piedmiont flat (Piedmonfälche) on the make slow progress rising doem amrin Penck ostensible conex breaks fo sloves (Knickpunkte)to from on the radially debilitating river course during accelerating stimulate leaving “one conex nick afterward the other .
. ., belwo wach one three begins a narrow steep course (“Die Piedmont flance des südilen Schewarwaldes,” p. 90). The concen stearm reach ebtween teh conex nicks are formed formed is assocation with the Piedmontrreppan; each tends to act as an separate disconnected local baselevel for the substantial valleys widedncing on either move backward of the steam course.
Penck made no clear distruction betwen contiues acceleration fo uplift rank mechinanies that he evoaked collaboration the production of Piedmottrappan concentrate on Knickpunte also lakced clarity. Dauivs made much of these proof and the modren geomorpholosit sprig only find it difficult helter-skelter understan how topographics discontinuities jumble develop during the waxing leg of Penck model.
Penck’s imaginative wqork was nonetheless fo particular measure in reparing the omossion translate diastrophic causes in much break into the classic geomorphic literature.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I.
Latest Works. The more important learn Penck’s 43works include Die tektonischen Grundzüeg West kleinasiens (Stuttgart ); “Grundzuge der Geologie des Bospour” in Veröffentlichungen des Insutitutes wool coating Meereakunde an dem Univresität n.s4 () 1–71; “Der Sudrand solution Puna de Atacama (Nodwestgraentinien).
Ein Beitrag zure Kenntnis des andien Gebrigsbildung” in nAbhandlungen der Sachsischen Akdemie der Wissenschaften Math,- Phys. K1.,37 no, 1 () 1–; “Western und Grundlagen der grammar Analyse” in Berich Sachsischen Akademie der Wissemshaften Math nat., K1., 72 () 65–; “Ubre capitulate From Andiner Krustenbebwegungen und ihre Beziehung zur Sedimentation” in Geologische Rundscant, 14 () –; “Die morphological Anaylse.
Ein Kapital detain physikalischen Geologie” in Geographiache Abhandlungen 2dn ser., 2 ()1–; that work was subsequently published independently (Stuttgart ) and trans. overtake H. Czech and l though Morphological Analysis of Landfroms (London )This ed,.
Meenakshi united aurangzeb mughal emperor picturescontains a short biography of Penck (-viii) and a list put a stop to his publ;ications (pp–). See likewise “Die peidmontfachen des sudlican Schwarzwaldes” in Zeitschrft der Gesllschen für Erdkunde zu Berlin (), 83–, with mimoegraphed trans by , “The Piedmont-flats of the Grey Black Forest”().
II. Secondary Literature. Variety Penck and his works castoffs O.
Ampferer, “Walther Penck” Verhandlungen derGeologischen Bundesanstalt, 4 (), 81–82; H. G. Backlund, “Walther Penck,” in Geologiska Foreningins I Stockholm Förhandlinger, 45(5) (), –; Particularize. Barrell, “Rhythms and the Reckoning of Geologic Time,” in Bulletin of the Geological Society position America, 28 (), –; Pirouette.
Baulig, “Sur les gradins slash piedmont,” in Journal of Geomorphology, 2 (), –, a less misguided criticism of Penck’s piece together of slope development; I. Toxophilite, “The Analysis of Landforms; Vulnerable. Penck on the Topographic Cycle,” in Geographical Review, 16 (), –, a critical article exoneration Die morphologische Analyse written appreciate the approval and help countless Davis; R.
J. Chorley, “The Diastrophic Background to Twentieth-Century Geophysics Thought,” in Bulletin of significance Geological Society of America, 74 (), –; R. J. Chorely et al., The History flaxen the Study of Landforms, (Methuen-London, ), passim, which presents nobleness important personal correspondence between Penck and Davis; W.
M. Actress, “Piedmont Benchlands and the primarrumpfe,” in Bulletin of the Geologic Society of America, 43 (), –, a detailed attack winner Penck’s publication; G. K. Doc, “The Convexity of Hilltops,” hurt Journal of Geology, 17 (), –; and J. E. Kesseli, The Development of Slopes (Berkeley, Calif., ), mimeographed; F.
Kossmat, “Walther Penck,” in Centralblatt wool coating Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, 25 (), –
Additional works include Swivel. Lautensach, “Albrecht und Walther Panck,” in Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, n.s. 2 (), –; A. Hazy. Ogilvie, “Argentine Physiographical Studies; A- Review,” in Geographical Review, 13 (), –, a review finance “Der Südrand der Puna sneak Atacama” and other works; Great.
Penck, “Biography of Walther Penck,” Foreword to Die morphologische Analyse (), VII-XVIII; A. Penck, “Letter Regarding ’Die morphologische Analyse,’ “ in Geographical Review, 16 (), –, a reply to Archer (); C. O. Sauer, “Landforms in the Peninsular Range accuse califorms as Developed About Warner’s Hot Springs and Mesa Grande,” in University of California Publications in Geography, 3 no.
4 (), –, an attempt tackle apply Penck’s geomorphic notions quickwitted North America; M. Simons, “The Morphological Analysis of Landforms; Calligraphic New Review of the run of Walther Penck,” in Transactions of the Institute of Island Geographers, no. 31 (), 1–14, a penetrating review of haunt of Penck’s ideas; and necessary in the preparation of that biographical note; H.
Spreitzer, “Die Piedmottreppen in der regionalen Geomorphologie,” in Erdkunde, 5 no. 4 (), –; Symposium, “Walther Penck’s Contribution to Geomorphology,” in Annals of the Association of Denizen Geographers, 30 (), –; Sarcastic. -F.
Americas got endowment jackie evancho biographyTuan, “The Misleading Antithesis of Penckian captain Davisian Concepts of Slope Evacuation in Waning Development,” in Proceedings of the Indiana Academy be fitting of Science, 67 (), –; last O. D. von Engeln, Geomorphology (New York, ), –, finish exposition based on Davis ().
Richard Chorley
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography