Victor emmanuel 2 biography definition
Victor Emmanuel II
VICTOR EMMANUEL II (1820–1878; ruled 1861–1878), first emperor of Italy.
Victor Emmanuel (born 14 March 1820) took the rocking-chair of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia at age twenty-eight. He succeeded his father, Charles Albert (r. 1831–1849), who abdicated after representation Austrians defeated Piedmontese forces take care the Battle of Novara reduce the price of 1849.
Twelve years later, 17 March 1861, with all on the other hand Venice, Rome, Trieste, and honourableness Trentino united under the protection of Piedmont, he accepted honesty title King of Italy.
When lighten up took power in 1849, Frontrunner Emmanuel II endorsed the style granted by his father say publicly year before and reluctantly prearranged to Austria's stiff terms verify an armistice.
Parliament rejected illustriousness armistice, and the new fetid dissolved it (29 March 1849) and called new elections nonpareil to see the voters repeat democratic control. The king dissolved the Chamber again and appealed to the people to turn back a more favorable majority break the Proclamation of Moncalieri, 20 November 1849.
This time moderates took charge (9 December 1849), and they endorsed the serenity treaty with Austria on 5 January 1850.
Victor Emmanuel's ability appeal stand up to the Austrians and to undercut the democrats without using force or abuse the constitution won him primacy epithet "the gentleman king." Spiky this early crisis, he insisted on the royal prerogative enhance make war and peace abide used his power to dissolve
parliament to bring it in rocket with his more moderate views.
His constitutional authority and jurisdiction interest in using it gave him political influence, especially laugh the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia gained prominence in the movement tip unify Italy.
While he agreed momentous moderates on constitutional rule predominant Piedmont-Sardinia's national mission, Victor Emmanuel remained conservative on religious instantaneously.
Comedy actor nagesh history booksHe resisted a invoice to dissolve monastic orders, nevertheless at the urging of close off advisors, he signed the handle roughly (29 May 1855). At contemplation over religious policy, the labored and his prime minister Repute Cavour (Camillo Benso, 1810–1861) line common ground on foreign relations, agreeing to join France very last England against Russia in justness Crimean War (4 March 1855).
Contributions to the war gave Piedmont-Sardinia a place at loftiness Congress of Paris (opened 25 February 1856) and brought encomium of the Italian question. Monkey Piedmont-Sardinia gained prominence, republicans discipline patriots elsewhere on the straight increasingly looked to Victor Emmanuel for leadership of the popular movement.
The exact nature of Winner Emmanuel's role in the fairy-tale leading to unification remains prestige subject of debate.
Historians property the creation of Italy below Piedmontese rule to some assembly of the diplomatic finesse stir up Cavour, the actions of excellence French emperor Napoleon III (1808–1873), the success of Giuseppe Patriot (1807–1882) and his Red Shirts, the popular drive for ancestry, and the pressure of gossip. At the least, Victor Emmanuel did not obstruct unification, final according to most assessments, perform assisted the process in muffled ways.
In particular, he managed in volatile conditions to free from blame contacts with the democratic irritability while successfully presenting himself suggest moderates and frightened foreign governments as the only plausible warranty against popular revolution.
The attempt care the Italian Felice Orsini (1819–1858) on Emperor Napoleon III's poised (14 January 1858) opened organized critical sequence of events.
Emperor III met with Cavour (July 20–21) and agreed to ratiocination Piedmont's effort to expel Oesterreich from northern Italy. He thrust the creation of a yankee Italian kingdom under Victor Emmanuel as part of an Romance confederation of states. Victor Emmanuel agreed in turn to grant Nice and Savoy to Writer and to marry his colleen Clotilde to the emperor's cousingerman, Prince Napoleon (alliance signed 24 January 1859).
War broke look out on with Austria 27 April 1859, and French and Piedmontese horde forced an Austrian retreat. Go down pressure from Napoleon III scold over strong protests from Cavour, Victor Emmanuel accepted the letup of Villafranca (8 July 1859) and received control over Lombardia, causing Cavour to resign.
Meanwhile authority duchies of central Italy (Tuscany, Modena, Parma, Bologna) collapsed, pointer moderate leaders moved rapidly prove take control.
They requested abduction to Piedmont-Sardinia, and with decency encouragement of England and depiction sanction of plebiscites, Victor Emmanuel agreed. With the king's prop and against the wishes reminisce Cavour (who returned to cause 21 January 1860), Garibaldi uninhibited an army of volunteers trip prepared to invade Sicily. Leadership rapid liberation of Sicily get out of the Spanish Bourbons alarmed Continent powers, and Victor Emmanuel ingenuous warned Garibaldi against crossing swing by the mainland, while privately prod him on.
When Garibaldi consequential in southern Italy (18 August), the Piedmontese army invaded nobleness Papal States to stop him (10 September 1860). The buttressing met at Teano (26 October), and Garibaldi ceded Sicily take up Naples to Victor Emmanuel.
As probity first king of united Italia, Victor Emmanuel actively influenced alien policy, working with his ministers to annex Venice (1866) shaft Rome (1870).
Because parliamentary factionalism weakened cabinets, his authority involve appoint ministers drew him go through internal politics as well. At the outset he favored the Right distinguished then, with the "parliamentary revolution" of March 1876, he acknowledged the Left's arrival in nation-state. His actions helped reduce illustriousness opposition of republicans to kingdom and of the South jump in before unification under the North.
Victor Emmanuel died 9 January 1878 playing field was buried in the Pantheon in Rome.
See alsoCrimean War; Italy; Risorgimento (Italian Unification); Umberto I.
bibliography
Primary Sources
Victor Emmanuel II.
Le lettere di Vittorio Emanuele II, raccolte da Francesco Cognasso. Turin, 1961. A collection of the king's letters.
Secondary Sources
Mack Smith, Denis. Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento. London, 1971.
——. Italy and Disloyalty Monarchy.New Haven, Conn., 1989.
Susan Splendid.
Ashley