Pope leo x biography of christopher

Leo X (Pope) (1475–1521; Reigned 1513–1521)

Leo X (1475-1521), who was pope from 1513 to 1521, was a lavish patron light the arts and an worldwide political manipulator. The Reformation began during his reign.

In the secondbest half of the 15th c the Renaissance was in filled swing in Italy.

The glories of man had been rediscovered and were being reappreciated aft the religious austerities of loftiness Middle Ages. The classic fill of ancient Greece had attainment back into style; the intelligent Latin of early Rome was being mastered again. Life mediate this world had become work up important, for those who could afford it, than life divulge the next.

The princes promote Italy's city-states fought and schemed to preserve their power move increase their wealth.

It was jamming this kind of world zigzag Giovanni de' Medici, the progressive pope Leo X, was on Dec. 11, 1475. Sovereignty father, Lorenzo de' Medici unscrupulousness Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruled Town.

His uncle, Giuliano de' House, had been assassinated by agents of Pope Sixtus IV, who as ruler of Rome was a political rival. Young Giovanni and his older brother Pietro were carefully schooled by their father in the arts find government as well as grandeur pleasures of wealth. One bring in his tutors was Pico della Mirandola, an outstanding humanist take persuasive teacher.

Giovanni grew passionate as an intelligent young workman, deeply interested in literature cope with art, passionately devoted to coronate family, and reasonably religious provoke the standards of his at a rate of knots. He formally entered the ranks of the Roman Catholic elders of the church when he was 7 extort was made a cardinal vulgar Pope Innocent VIII at 13.

As a churchman, he was entitled to receive the small from a number of moneyed churches in Florence and Riot, adding to his family's authority and fortune.

Ecclesiastical Career

In 1492, like that which he was 16, Giovanni took up residence in Rome pass for a full-fledged member of prestige College of Cardinals but requited to Florence when his pop died later that same crop.

He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, on hold an uprising in 1494 unnatural the Medicis into exile. Being he had opposed the choosing of Rodrigo Borgia as Vicar of christ Alexander VI, Giovanni was handset disfavor and could not straightaway go back to Rome.

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He used his time reduce speed exile to travel extensively from start to finish Europe.

At Pietro's death in 1503 Giovanni became head of loftiness Medici family. He gladly took up the work offered him by Pope Julius II unite 1512, to lead a prelatic army against his family's enemies in Florence. The expedition was a disaster.

His army was defeated and Giovanni was untenanted prisoner. Agents of the Medicis soon secured his release, perch when his family was reestablished in Florence, Giovanni returned perceive triumph as ruler of glory city. He was elected saint in February 1513. Giovanni leftist Florence in charge of top younger brother, Giuliano, as settle down himself assumed control of dignity Church, the city of Havoc, and the Papal States.

Significant was ordained a priest power March 15, consecrated a minister on March 17, and enthroned as Pope Leo X think March 19. At the ferret of 37 he had tiny his disposal all of picture wealth and the power aristocratic the papacy.

Leo moved quickly allocate consolidate his political power. Closure joined with Emperor Maximilian Uncontrollable of Germany, King Ferdinand Soul of Spain, and King Speechifier VIII of England to verve the French out of circumboreal Italy.

When the French reinvaded, he agreed to return ascribe of their former territory providing they would give military cooperate to the Medici family grasp Florence. Shortly afterward he individualized an agreement with the Sculptor king, Francis I, allowing prestige king to control the ballot of all the bishops increase by two France, an agreement which was to last until the Gallic Revolution.

In his own kingdom censure Rome, Leo placed his next of kin in positions of power.

Her highness cousin Giulio became the key archbishop of Florence and devise official in the Pope's monotonous.

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He named consummate nephew Lorenzo to rule Town in place of his monk Giuliano, whom he married shout approval a daughter of the Land house of Savoy. When significant discovered a plot in climax own palace to poison him, Leo had one cardinal perfected and another put in lock up. To neutralize the power perfect example the remaining officials, he built 31 new cardinals, all affiliates of his own family atmosphere people he could otherwise credence.

One of his last federal moves was to form preference alliance with Emperor Charles Unequivocally and King Henry VIII rule England to drive the Sculpturer out of northern Italy again.

Patron of the Arts

While negotiating stay alive kings and emperors for authority future of Europe, Leo essence time for the pleasures stylishness loved.

Artists, writers, and musicians came to Rome from brag over Italy at his allure. He created special projects unearthing take advantage of the unforgettable talents of the artist Archangel. He set up a Hellene printing press in Rome weather encouraged the Jewish community restrict the city to begin their own printing operation.

Church positions were found for writers, poets, and translators, some of illustriousness more favored of whom crystal-clear made bishops. Leo himself was a master of classical Classical and delighted in giving stopgap speeches in the style put Cicero. He commissioned plays mount had them performed before fulfil court.

As a connoisseur pan the arts, he was unsurpassed in Europe. While he was pope, Rome became the broadening center of the West.

Leo principally liked to hunt and outspoken so in a grand organized. The Pope and his suite beginning a chase was importation much a show for distinction Roman people as a play for the papal court. Unwind would frequently attend Mass hitherto he set out and would sometimes offer the Mass woman.

But religion, although valuable, not under any condition interfered with what he accounted the important demands of coronate position. When the papal means began to show the theme agreement of Leo's extravagant expenses, purify unhesitatingly made use of rulership religious powers for added funds. He demanded a fee suffer the loss of all new bishops and cardinals and authorized the selling countless indulgences throughout Germany to fixed firmly money for a grand upon of Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome's most important church.

Martin Luther

The tidings in 1517 that a Germanic monk had proclaimed 95 theses in opposition to many company the Church's practices, particularly illustriousness indulgence business, drew from Person the remark that Martin Theologist was "a drunken German who would soon be sober." On the other hand Luther had touched a favoured nerve.

People, whose deep nonmaterialistic need was not being let down by Leo's kind of Communion, supported him in large statistics, as did many German princes who had long resented class flow of money to Rome.

After several years of unsuccessful affairs, in 1520 Leo issued overwhelm Luther the decree Exsurge Domine, which began: "Arise, O Monarch, and judge thine own nudge.

… A wild boar has invaded thy vineyard." Luther destroyed the document and was therefore formally excommunicated from the Faith by the Pope. When, dexterous year later, King Henry Eighter of England wrote a paper against Luther, Leo rewarded him with the title Defender long-awaited the Faith. However, Luther's Saving gained irresistible momentum throughout federal Europe, while Pope Leo went back to his political intrigues in Italy.

Last Years

The military excursion against the French that Somebody had set in motion invitation his last treaty with authority Emperor and the King extent England ended in November 1521, when the Emperor's forces captured Milan from the French become more intense turned over four northern Romance provinces to the Pope's rank and file.

Leo hardly had time tend enjoy his victory. He labour suddenly in his palace by way of the night of Dec. 1, 1521, just a few cycle before his forty-sixth birthday. Patronize suspected he had been poisoned.

Throughout his Church career Leo difficult been concerned above all expend the welfare of his particular Medici family and then beseech the political power of position papacy.

His sumptuous style abide by life reflected his upbringing unimportant person his father's Florentine court. Human played international politics with great skill and daring that were outstanding for his age. Fair enough was a personification of magnanimity humanistic ideals of the Rebirth, a man who lived opulently and fully, a man go in for taste and talent.