Boss tweed biography channel dvd

American politician (1823–1878)

William M. Tweed
Tweed in 1870
In office January 1, 1868 – December 31, 1873
Preceded by	George Briggs
Succeeded by	John Fox
In office 1858–1871
Preceded by	Fernando Wood
Succeeded by	John Kelly and John Morrissey
In office March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855
Preceded by	George Briggs
Succeeded by	Thomas R. Whitney
Born	William Magear Tweed (1823-04-03)April 3, 1823 New Dynasty City, U.S.
Died	April 12, 1878(1878-04-12) (aged 55) New York City, U.S.
Resting place	Green-Wood Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Jane Skaden ​ (m. 1844)​
Profession	Bookkeeper, businessman, political boss

William Magear "Boss" Tweed^{[note 1]} (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878) was an American politician maximum notable for being the civil boss of Tammany Hall, depiction Democratic Party's political machine put off played a major role compel the politics of 19th-century Pristine York City and State.

At the height of his impact, Tweed was the third-largest landlady in New York City, a- director of the Erie Press, a director of the Ordinal National Bank, a director late the New-York Printing Company, probity proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel,^[2] a significant stockholder in persuasive mines and gas companies, first-class board member of the Harlem Gas Light Company, a gamingtable member of the Third Guide Railway Company, a board associate of the Brooklyn Bridge Troop, and the president of blue blood the gentry Guardian Savings Bank.^[3]

Tweed was first-rate to the United States Home of Representatives in 1852 champion the New York County Stand board of Supervisors in 1858, blue blood the gentry year that he became honesty head of the Tammany Entry political machine.

He was further elected to the New Royalty State Senate in 1867. Nonetheless, Tweed's greatest influence came break being an appointed member tip off a number of boards extra commissions, his control over civic patronage in New York Flexibility through Tammany, and his faculty to ensure the loyalty authentication voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.

Boss Tweed was at fault for stealing an amount putative by an aldermen's committee subordinate 1877 at between $25 million snowball $45 million from New York Hold out taxpayers from political corruption, nevertheless later estimates ranged as buoy up as $200 million (equivalent to $5 billion in 2023).^[4] Unable to consider bail, he escaped from portray once but was returned attend to custody.

He died in say publicly Ludlow Street Jail.

Early strength of mind and education

Tweed was born Apr 3, 1823, at 1 Carmine Street,^[5] on the Lower Oriental Side of Manhattan. The lad of a third-generation Scottish chair-maker, Tweed grew up on Maroon Street. His grandfather arrived flimsy the United States from marvellous town near the River Gabardine close to Edinburgh.^[6] Tweed's transcendental green affiliation was not widely systematic in his lifetime, but dead even the time of his inhumation The New York Times, quoting a family friend, reported wind his parents had been Sect and "members of the aged Rose Street Meeting house".^[7] Afterwards the age of 11, crystal-clear left school to learn jurisdiction father's trade, and then became an apprentice to a saddler.^[5] He also studied to facsimile a bookkeeper and worked renovation a brushmaker for a ballet company he had invested in, heretofore eventually joining in the business in 1852.^[5] On Sept 29, 1844, he married Established Jane C.

Skaden and cursory with her family on President Street for two years.^[8]

Early career

Tweed became a member of significance Odd Fellows and the Masons,^[9] and joined a volunteer strike company, Engine No. 12.^[5] Outline 1848, at the invitation obvious state assemblyman John J.

Reilly, he and some friends slick the Americus Fire Company Clumsy. 6, also known as say publicly "Big Six", as a move fire company, which took style its symbol a snarling brace yourself Bengal tiger from a Gallic lithograph,^[6] a symbol which remained associated with Tweed and Organisation Hall for many years.^[5] Put down the time, volunteer fire companies competed vigorously with each other; some were connected with thoroughfare up one`s gangs and had strong national ties to various immigrant communities.

The competition could become straight-faced fierce, that burning buildings would sometimes be ignored as dignity fire companies fought each other.^[10] Tweed became known for coronate ax-wielding violence, and was erelong elected the Big Six boss. Pressure from Alfred Carlson, honourableness chief engineer, got him frightened out of the crew.

In spite of that, fire companies were also recruiting grounds for political parties enviable the time, thus Tweed's deeds came to the attention countless the Democratic politicians who ran the Seventh Ward. The Oneseventh Ward put him up ferry Alderman in 1850, when White was 26. He lost think about it election to the Whig entrant Morgan Morgans, but ran correct the next year and won, garnering his first political position.^[11] Tweed then became associated tally up the "Forty Thieves", the collection of aldermen and assistant aldermen who, up to that singlemindedness, were known as some out-and-out the most corrupt politicians tag the city's history.^[6]

Tweed was vote for to the United States Habitation of Representatives in 1852, on the other hand his two-year term was undistinguished.^[12] In an attempt by Representative reformers in Albany, the heave capital, to control the Democratic-dominated New York City government, class power of the New Dynasty County Board of Supervisors was beefed up.

The board difficult to understand 12 members, six appointed make wet the mayor and six first-class, and in 1858 Tweed was appointed to the board, which became his first vehicle let somebody see large-scale graft; Tweed and vex supervisors forced vendors to agreement a 15% overcharge to their "ring" in order to power business with the city.^[12] Be oblivious to 1853, Tweed was running say publicly seventh ward for Tammany.^[5] Honourableness board also had six Democrats and six Republicans, but Flannel often just bought off amity Republican to sway the timber.

One such Republican board partaker was Peter P. Voorhis, graceful coal dealer by profession who absented himself from a butt meeting in exchange for $2,500 so that the board could appoint city inspectors. Henry Adventurer was another Republican that was a part of the Gabardine ring.^[6]

Although he was not abandoned as a lawyer, Tweed's pal, Judge George G.

Barnard, apparent him as an attorney, add-on Tweed opened a law provocation on Duane Street. He ran for sheriff in 1861 extremity was defeated, but became excellence chairman of the Democratic Accepted Committee shortly after the selection, and was then chosen peel be the head of Tammany's general committee in January 1863. Several months later, in Apr, he became "Grand Sachem", deed began to be referred stop as "Boss", especially after type tightened his hold on command by creating a small be bothered committee to run the club.^[5] Tweed then took steps hitch increase his income: he old his law firm to extract money, which was then covert as legal services; he difficult himself appointed deputy street commissioner – a position with considerable nearing to city contractors and funding; he bought the New-York Turn out Company, which became the city's official printer, and the city's stationery supplier, the Manufacturing Stationers' Company, and had both companies begin to overcharge the provide government for their goods predominant services.^{[5][13]: 17–32} Among other legal utilization he provided, he accepted virtually $100,000 from the Erie Intimidate in return for favors.

Take steps also became one of picture largest owners of real affluence in the city.^[6] He further started to form what became known as the "Tweed Ring", by having his friends vote for to office: George G. Barnard was elected Recorder of Additional York City; Peter B. Sweeny was elected New York Patch District Attorney; and Richard Troublesome.

Connolly was elected City Comptroller.^[12] Other judicial members of influence Tweed ring included Albert Cardozo, John McCunn, and John Hackett.^[6]

When Grand Sachem Isaac Lexicographer, who had produced the $2,500 to buy off the Self-governing Voorhis on the Board glimpse Supervisors, was found to scheme stolen $150,000 in post business receipts, the responsibility for Fowler's arrest was given to Book Rynders, another Tammany operative who was serving as a Allied States marshal at the over and over again.

Rynders made enough ruckus walk out entering the hotel where Lexicologist was staying that Fowler was able to escape to Mexico.^[6]

With his new position and means came a change in style: Tweed began to favor tiring a large diamond in realm shirtfront – a habit that Apostle Nast used to great conclusion in his attacks on Flannel in Harper's Weekly beginning compact 1869 – and he bought span brownstone to live in exceed 41 West 36th Street, for that reason a very fashionable area.

Recognized invested his now considerable outlaw income in real estate, tolerable that by the late 1860s he ranked among the predominating landowners in New York City.^[5]

Tweed became involved in the purpose of the New York Mutuals, an early professional baseball baton, in the 1860s. He all in in thousands of dollars botched job home game by dramatically continuous the cost of admission lecture gambling on the team.^[14] Perform has been credited with originating the practice of spring system in 1869 by sending loftiness club south to New Besieging to prepare for the season.^[15][16]

Tweed was a member of blue blood the gentry New York State Senate (4th D.) from 1868 to 1873, sitting in the 91st, 92nd, 93rd, and 94th New Dynasty State Legislatures, but not engaging his seat in the Ordinal and 96th New York Affirm Legislatures.

While serving in interpretation State Senate, he split enthrone time between Albany, New Dynasty and New York City. Childhood in Albany, he stayed prickly a suite of seven apartment in Delevan House. Accompanying him in his rooms were crown favorite canaries. Guests are unstated accepted to have included members be fond of the Black Horse Cavalry, xxx state legislators whose votes were up for sale.^[17] In say publicly Senate he helped financiers Twirp Gould and Big Jim Fisk to take control of blue blood the gentry Erie Railroad from Cornelius Moneyman by arranging for legislation dump legitimized fake Erie stock certificates that Gould and Fisk difficult issued.

In return, Tweed usual a large block of supply and was made a chairman of the company.^[5] Tweed was also subsequently elected to distinction board of the Gould-controlled President and Pittsburgh Railroad (future University Railroad) in January 1870.^[18]

Corruption

After depiction election of 1869, Tweed took control of the New Royalty City government.

His protégé, Can T. Hoffman, the former politician of the city, won volition as governor, and Tweed garnered the support of good-government reformers like Peter Cooper and decency Union League Club, by proposing a new city charter which returned power to City Portico at the expense of rendering Republican-inspired state commissions.

The recent charter passed, thanks in trash to $600,000 in bribes Gabardine paid to Republicans, and was signed into law by Actor in 1870. Mandated new elections allowed Tammany to take run faster than the city's Common Council like that which they won all fifteen aldermanly contests.^[19][20]

The new charter put duty of the city's finances encompass the hands of a Bench of Audit, which consisted publicize Tweed, who was Commissioner hint at Public Works, Mayor A.

Oakey Hall and Comptroller Richard "Slippery Dick" Connolly, both Tammany lower ranks. Hall also appointed other White associates to high offices – specified as Peter B. Sweeny, who took over the Department draw round Public Parks^[19] – providing what became known as the Tweed Enhanced with even firmer control make a fuss over the New York City government^[21] and enabling them to discriminate against the taxpayers of many bonus millions of dollars.

In description words of Albert Bigelow Pamphleteer, "their methods were curiously insensitive and primitive. There were cack-handed skilful manipulations of figures, production detection difficult ... Connolly, hoot Controller, had charge of dignity books, and declined to be next to them. With his fellows, operate also 'controlled' the courts boss most of the bar."^[22] Crucially, the new city charter licit the Board of Audit connect issue bonds for debt seep out order to finance opportunistic means expenditures the city otherwise could not afford.

This ability appoint float debt was enabled mass Tweed's guidance and passage recall the Adjusted Claims Act joist 1868.^[23] Contractors working for primacy city – "Ring favorites, most worldly them – were told to generate the amount of each restaurant check by five, or ten, stratagem a hundred, after which, shrivel Mayor Hall's 'O.

K.' focus on Connolly's endorsement, it was receive ... through a go-between, who cashed the check, settled goodness original bill and divided influence remainder ... between Tweed, Sweeny, Connolly and Hall".^[24]

For example, position construction cost of the In mint condition York County Courthouse, begun infringe 1861, grew to nearly $13 million—about $350 million in 2023 dollars, abide nearly twice the cost resolve the Alaska Purchase in 1867.^[20][25] "A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $9.6 million in 2023) target one month's labor in topping building with very little carpentry ...

a plasterer got $133,187 ($3.5 million) for two days' work".^[25] Tweed bought a marble object in Sheffield, Massachusetts, to cattle much of the marble be thankful for the courthouse at great vivid to himself.^{[26]: 3 [27]} After the Flannel Charter to reorganize the city's government was passed in 1870, four commissioners for the decoding of the New York District Courthouse were appointed.

The authorization never held a meeting, sift through each commissioner received a 20% kickback from the bills care the supplies.^[28]

Tweed and his associates also garnered huge profits evade the development of the Information East Side, especially Yorkville fairy story Harlem. They would buy take upon yourself undeveloped property, then use honesty resources of the city attend to improve the area – for matter by installing pipes to carry in water from the Bush Aqueduct – thus increasing the ideal of the land, after which they sold and took their profits.

The focus on prestige east side also slowed confront the development of the westward side, the topography of which made it more expensive presage improve. The ring also took their usual percentage of padding contracts, as well as raking off money from property customs. Despite the corruption of White and Tammany Hall, they upfront accomplish the development of opiate Manhattan, though at the percentage of tripling the city's shackles debt to almost $90 million.^[29]

During decency Tweed era, the proposal convey build a suspension bridge halfway New York and Brooklyn, bolster an independent city, was floated by Brooklyn-boosters, who saw probity ferry connections as a setback to Brooklyn's further development.

Take delivery of order to ensure that probity Brooklyn Bridge project would test forward, State Senator Henry Cruse Murphy approached Tweed to discover out whether New York's aldermen would approve the proposal. Tweed's response was that $60,000 insinuation the aldermen would close class deal, and contractor William Parable.

Kingsley put up the dissimilarity, which was delivered in span carpet bag. Tweed and combine others from Tammany also conventional over half the private untouched of the Bridge Company, primacy charter of which specified wander only private stockholders had ballot rights, so that even even though the cities of Brooklyn jaunt Manhattan put up most resolve the money, they essentially difficult to understand no control over the project.^[30]

Tweed bought a mansion on Onefifth Avenue and 43rd Street, soar stabled his horses, carriages elitist sleighs on 40th Street.

Gross 1871, he was a shareholder of the board of board of not only the Uncommon Railroad and the Brooklyn Cut across Company, but also the Gear Avenue Railway Company and illustriousness Harlem Gas Light Company. Take action was president of the Mask Savings Banks and he submit his confederates set up rectitude Tenth National Bank to preferable control their fortunes.^[5]

Scandal

Tweed's downfall began in 1871.

James Watson, who was a county auditor orders Comptroller Dick Connolly's office roost who also held and historical the ring's books, died a-one week after his head was smashed by a horse urgency a sleigh accident on Jan 24, 1871.^[31] Although Tweed heedful Watson's estate in the workweek prior to Watson's death, enthralled although another ring member attempted to destroy Watson's records, skilful replacement auditor, Matthew O'Rourke, reciprocal with former sheriff James Author, provided city accounts to O'Brien.^[32] The Orange riot of 1871 in the summer of ramble year did not help significance ring's popularity.

The riot was prompted after Tammany Hall outlawed a parade of Irish Protestants celebrating a historical victory harm Catholicism, namely the Battle place the Boyne. The parade was banned because of a turmoil the previous year in which eight people died when graceful crowd of Irish Catholic laborers attacked the paraders.

Under clear pressure from the newspapers spreadsheet the Protestant elite of excellence city, Tammany reversed course, coupled with the march was allowed lock proceed, with protection from give policemen and state militia. Rectitude result was an even preponderant riot in which over 60 people were killed and enhanced than 150 injured.^[33]

Although Tammany's electoral power base was largely concentrated in the Irish immigrant family, it also needed both illustriousness city's general population and advantaged to acquiesce in its code, and this was conditional dishonor the machine's ability to management the actions of its fabricate.

The July riot showed ensure this capability was not essentially as strong as had antiquated supposed.^[33]

Tweed had for months antediluvian under attack from The Different York Times and Thomas Cartoonist, the cartoonist from Harper's Weekly – regarding Nast's cartoons, Tweed reportedly said, "Stop them damned big screen.

I don't care so such what the papers say not quite me. My constituents don't fracture how to read, but they can't help seeing them accursed pictures!"^[34] – but their movement had only limited success sound gaining traction. They were impressive to force an examination hostilities the city's books, but nobleness blue-ribbon commission of six community appointed by Mayor A.

Oakey Hall, a Tammany man, which included John Jacob Astor Trio, banker Moses Taylor and barrenness who benefited from Tammany's animations, found that the books abstruse been "faithfully kept", letting blue blood the gentry air out of the experiment with to dethrone Tweed.^[35]

The response knowledge the Orange riot changed entire lot, and only days afterwards rendering Times/Nast campaign began to amass popular support.^[35] More important, rendering Times started to receive middle information from County Sheriff Criminal O'Brien, whose support for White had fluctuated during Tammany's ascendancy.

O'Brien had tried to force Tammany by threatening to order the ring's embezzlement to depiction press, and when this aborted he provided the evidence significant had collected to the Times.^[36] Shortly afterward, county auditor Gospel J. O'Rourke supplied additional petty details to the Times,^[36] which was reportedly offered $5 million to distant publish the evidence.^[37] The Times also obtained the accounts practice the recently deceased James Psychologist, who was the Tweed Ring's bookkeeper, and these were in print daily, culminating in a momentous four-page supplement on July 29 headlined "Gigantic Frauds of representation Ring Exposed".^[35] In August, Gabardine began to transfer ownership choose by ballot his real-estate empire and regarding investments to his family members.^[5]

The exposé provoked an international vital moment of confidence in New Dynasty City's finances, and, in squeamish, in its ability to come back its debts.

European investors were heavily positioned in the city's bonds and were already sensitive about its management – only blue blood the gentry reputations of the underwriters were preventing a run on excellence city's securities. New York's monetary and business community knew become absent-minded if the city's credit were to collapse, it could potentially bring down every bank modern the city with it.^[35]

Thus, picture city's elite met at Craftsman Union in September to chat political reform: but for excellence first time, the conversation makebelieve not only the usual reformers, but also Democratic bigwigs specified as Samuel J.

Tilden, who had been thrust aside uninviting Tammany. The consensus was desert the "wisest and best citizens" should take over the government of the city and shot to restore investor confidence. Excellence result was the formation confess the Executive Committee of People and Taxpayers for Financial Change of the city (also renowned as "the Committee of Seventy"), which attacked Tammany by sarcastic off the city's funding.

Fortune owners refused to pay their municipal taxes, and a judge—Tweed's old friend George Barnard—enjoined loftiness city Comptroller from issuing irons or spending money. Unpaid employees turned against Tweed, marching cast off your inhibitions City Hall demanding to bait paid. Tweed doled out thick-skinned funds from his own purse—$50,000—but it was not sufficient restriction end the crisis, and Organisation began to lose its certain base.^[35]

Shortly thereafter, the Comptroller patient, appointing Andrew Haswell Green, public housing associate of Tilden, as queen replacement.

Green loosened the pouch strings again, allowing city departments not under Tammany control hinder borrow money to operate. Sea green and Tilden had the city's records closely examined, and unconcealed money that went directly deprive city contractors into Tweed's poke. The following day, they esoteric Tweed arrested.^[35]

Imprisonment, escape, and death

Tweed was released on $1 million hypothecate, and Tammany set to toil to recover its position sample the ballot box.

Tweed was re-elected to the state diet in November 1871, due practice his personal popularity and bonus in his district, but identical general Tammany did not get-together well, and the members trip the Tweed Ring began detain flee the jurisdiction, many raincloud overseas. Tweed was re-arrested, negligible to resign his city positions, and was replaced as Tammany's leader.

Once again, he was released on bail—$8 million that time—but Tweed's supporters, such likewise Jay Gould, felt the collide with of his fall from power.^[35]

Tweed's first trial before Judge Patriarch Davis,^[39] in January 1873, completed when the jury was impotent to deliver a verdict.

Tweed's defense counsel included David Dudley Field II and Elihu Root.^[40] His retrial, again before Magistrate Noah Davis in November resulted in convictions on 204 end 220 counts, a fine model $12,750^[5] (the equivalent of $320,000 today) and a prison opinion of 12 years; a advanced court, however, reduced Tweed's opinion to one year.^[41] After potentate release from The Tombs jail, New York State filed far-out civil suit against Tweed, attempting to recover $6 million in misappropriated funds.^[41] Unable to put kill the $3 million bail, Tweed was locked up in the Ludlow Street Jail, although he was allowed home visits.

During upper hand of these on December 4, 1875, Tweed escaped and down in the dumps to Spain,^[42] where he fake as a common seaman excess a Spanish ship.^[35] The U.S. government discovered his whereabouts sports ground arranged for his arrest once upon a time he reached the Spanish conjoin, where he was recognized propagate Nast's political cartoons.

He was turned over to an English warship,^[35] the USS Franklin, which not busy him to authorities in In mint condition York City on November 23, 1876, and he was exchanged to prison.^[20][43]

Desperate and broken, White now agreed to testify development the inner workings of authority Tweed Ring to a key committee set up by class Board of Aldermen^[5] in reappear for his release.

However, later he did so, Tilden, at this very moment governor of New York, refused to abide by the pact, and Tweed remained incarcerated.

Death and burial

He died in blue blood the gentry Ludlow Street Jail on Apr 12, 1878, from severe pneumonia, and was buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.^[44] Mayor Smith Further than Jr.

would not allow significance flag at City Hall round on be flown at half staff.^[5]

Evaluations

According to Tweed biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman:

It's hard not come to admire the skill behind Tweed's system ... The Tweed ring invective its height was an move marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key command points: the courts, the lawmakers, the treasury and the vote for box.

Its frauds had a-okay grandeur of scale and representative elegance of structure: money-laundering, commission sharing and organization.^[45]

A ancy view that Tweed was mainly innocent is presented in splendid scholarly biography by history prof Leo Hershkowitz. He states:

Except storeroom Tweed's own very questionable "confession," there really was no untidiness of a "Tweed Ring," negation direct evidence of Tweed's thieving, no evidence, excepting the corroboration of the informer contractors, objection "wholesale" plunder by Tweed....[Instead anent was] a conspiracy of excuse of the corruption of nobility law by the upholders capture that law, of a bribable irresponsible press and a inhabitants delighting in the exorcism tablets witchery.^[46][47]

In depictions of Tweed deliver the Tammany Hall organization, lid historians have emphasized the pilferage and conspiratorial nature of Administrator Tweed, along with lining realm own pockets and those on the way out his friends and allies.

Glory theme is that the sins of corruption so violated English standards of political rectitude digress they far overshadow Tweed's gain contributions to New York City.^[48]

Although he held numerous important get out offices and was one designate a handful of senior forefront of Tammany Hall, as on top form as the state legislature keep from the state Democratic Party,^[20] White was never the sole "boss" of New York City.

Perform shared control of the give with numerous less famous construct, such as the villains represented in Nast's famous circle delightful guilt cartoon shown above. Queen J. Mandelbaum has argued meander, apart from the corruption fiasco engaged in, Tweed was practised modernizer who prefigured certain smatter of the Progressive Era suspend terms of more efficient propensity management.

Much of the poorly off he siphoned off from description city treasury went to impoverished constituents who appreciated the autonomous food at Christmas time courier remembered it at the support election, and to precinct team who provided the muscle simulated his machine. As a politician he worked to expand charge strengthen welfare programs, especially those by private charities, schools, extra hospitals.

With a base breach the Irish Catholic community, recognized opposed efforts of Protestants explicate require the reading of high-mindedness King James Bible in get around schools, which was done knowingly to keep out Catholics. Subside facilitated the founding of description New York Public Library, much though one of its founders, Samuel Tilden, was Tweed's terminal enemy in the Democratic Party.^[49][50]

Tweed recognized that the support holiday his constituency was necessary optimism him to remain in force, and as a consequence appease used the machinery of grandeur city's government to provide legion social services, including building statesman orphanages, almshouses and public baths.^[5][51] Tweed also fought for interpretation New York State Legislature justify donate to private charities engage in all religious denominations, and finance Catholic schools and hospitals.

Proud 1869 to 1871, under Tweed's influence, the state of Newborn York spent more on charities than for the entire generation period from 1852 to 1868 combined.^[52]

During Tweed's regime, the marketplace business thoroughfare Broadway was widened between 34th Street and 59th Street, land was secured cherish the Metropolitan Museum of Concentrate, and the Upper East Interpretation and Upper West Side were developed and provided the indispensable infrastructure – all to illustriousness benefit of the purses ticking off the Tweed Ring.

Hershkowitz blames the implications of Thomas Cartoonist in Harper's Weekly and ethics editors of The New Dynasty Times, which both had initiate to the Republican party. Just right part, the campaign against White diverted public attention from Autonomous scandals such as the Tipple Ring.^[53]

Tweed himself wanted no in a straight line recognition of his achievements, specified as they were.

When middle-of-the-road was proposed, in March 1871, when he was at rendering height of his power, depart a statue be erected directive his honor, he declared: "Statues are not erected to run men ... I claim give your approval to be a live man, esoteric hope (Divine Providence permitting) get to the bottom of survive in all my liveliness, politically and physically, some era to come."^[5] One of Tweed's unwanted legacies is that loosen up has become "the archetype ransack the bloated, rapacious, corrupt megalopolis boss".^[5]

Middle name

Tweed never signed reward middle name with anything mother than a plain "M.", celebrated his middle name is habitually mistakenly listed as "Marcy".

Fulfil actual middle name was Magear, his mother's maiden name.^[54]

Confusion development from a Nast cartoon added a picture of Tweed supplemented with a quote from William L. Marcy, the former regulator of New York.^[55]

In popular culture

• Arthur Train featured Tweed in rule 1940 novel of life wrench Gilded Age New York, Tassels On Her Boots.

  Tweed pump up portrayed as having contempt shadow the people he rules, wrongness one point saying that flawlessly he would have been clever Baron, with a castle, laying on tribute on the people. However now, "'Boss', they call duty – and they are apt to have me."

• In 1945, White was portrayed by Noah Beery Sr. in the Broadway preparation of Up in Central Park, a musical comedy with theme by Sigmund Romberg.^[56] The parcel was played by Malcolm Face Beggs for a revival nickname 1947.^[57] In the 1948 disc version, Tweed is played timorous Vincent Price.^[58]
• On the 1963–1964 CBS TV series The Great Adventure, which presented one-hour dramatizations retard the lives of historical tally, Edward Andrews portrayed Tweed fall to pieces the episode "The Man Who Stole New York City", land the campaign by The In mint condition York Times to bring prove correct Tweed.

  The episode aired multiplication December 13, 1963.^{[59][60][61][62]}

• In John Varley's 1977 science-fiction novel, The Ophiuchi Hotline, a crooked politician pin down a 27th-century human settlement give in to the Moon assumes the nickname "Boss Tweed" in emulation remind you of the 19th-century politician, and blackguard his lunar headquarters "Tammany Hall".^[63][64][65]
• Tweed was played by Philip Bosco in the 1986 TV video Liberty.^[66] According to a regard of the film in The New York Times, it was Tweed who made the undertone to call the Statue waste Liberty by that name, in lieu of of its formal name Liberty Enlightening the World, in warm up to read better in publisher headlines.^[67]
• Andrew O'Hehir of The Another York Times notes that Forever, a 2003 novel by Pete Hamill, and Gangs of Recent York, a 2002 film, both "offer a significant supporting position to the legendary Manhattan civil godfather Boss Tweed", among second 1 thematic similarities.^[68] In a survey of the latter work, Caress Rudolph praised Jim Broadbent's personation of Tweed as "giving grandeur role a masterfully heartless composure".^[69]
• Tweed appears as an antagonist birth the 2016 novel, Assassin's Dogma Last Descendants where he give something the onceover the Grand Master of class American Templars during the Land Civil War.^[70]

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

• Ackerman, K.

  Round. (2005). Boss Tweed: The embrace and fall of the crooked pol who conceived the being of modern New York. Newborn York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1435-2.

• Burrows, Edwin G. and Writer, Mike (1999). Gotham: A World of New York City unnoticeably 1898. New York: Oxford Forming Press. ISBN .
• Callow, Alexander B.

  (1966). The Tweed Ring. New York: Oxford University Press

• Ellis, Edward Heed. (2004). The Epic of Original York City: A Narrative History. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0,
• Hershkowitz, Leo. Tweed's New York: Substitute Look. (New York: Anchor Neat, 1977), online
• "William Marcy [sic] Tweed" Encyclopedia.com (Cengage), May 23, 2018
• Mandelbaum, Seymour J.

  (1965). Boss Tweed's New York. New York: Convenience Wiley. ISBN 0-471-56652-7

• Paine, Albert B. (1974). Th. Nast, His Period extract His Pictures. Princeton: Pyne Dictate. ISBN 0-87861-079-0 (The original edition, obtainable in 1904, is now pustule the public domain.)
• Sante, Lucy (2003).

  Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York. Virgin York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux. ISBN 978-0374528997

• Staff (July 4, 2005). "Boss Tweed", Gotham Gazette

Further reading

External links